Section II
REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKERS IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Chapter 7
COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM WHEN PERFORMING THE WORK
77. The size of the team and its composition should be determined taking into account the qualifications of the workers, the electrical safety group, the conditions of work and the possibility of providing supervision of the team members by the work operator or supervisor.
A team member working alongside must have an electrical safety group of at least III.
For each worker with electrical safety group III, a team is allowed to include one worker with electrical safety group II, but the total number of team members with electrical safety group II should not exceed three.
78. Operational and repair personnel, with the permission of higher operational personnel, can be involved in work in the repair team with an entry in the operational log and registration in the work order.
79. The person who issued the work order or another employee who has the right to issue work orders for work in a given electrical installation is allowed to change the composition of the team. Instructions about changes in the composition of the team can be transmitted by telephone, radio or by express to the permitter, manager or foreman, who writes down the surname and initials of the employee who gave the instruction for the change in the work order with his signature.
The work foreman (supervisor) conducts targeted briefing to the workers included in the team. The briefing is documented with the signatures of the work foreman (supervisor) and those working in Table 3 of the work order, indicating the date and time.
80. When replacing the manager or work manager, as well as changing the composition of the team by more than half of the original composition, the work order must be issued anew.
Chapter 8
SUPERVISION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WORK
81. After admission to work, supervision over the compliance of team members with labor protection requirements is assigned to the work manager (supervisor), who is obliged to organize his work in such a way as to monitor the team members, being, if possible, in the area of the workplace where the most dangerous work is performed .
82. If it is necessary to temporarily leave the workplace, the work foreman (supervisor), if he cannot be replaced by the work manager, permitting or employee who has the right to issue orders in a given electrical installation, is obliged to remove the team from the place of work (with its removal from the switchgear and closing the entrance doors with a lock, with a descent working from an overhead line support, etc.).
In cases where the work supervisor (supervisor) is replaced, he is obliged to transfer the work order to the employee who replaced him during his absence.
If necessary, in electrical installations up to 1000V, during work on orders, temporary departure of the work contractor is allowed. In this case, one or more team members with electrical safety group III are allowed to remain at the workplace and continue working.
In electrical installations with voltages above 1000V, it is prohibited for the work foreman (supervisor) alone or for members of the team to remain without the work foreman (supervisor).
The following types of work may be exceptions:
adjustment of switches, disconnectors, the drives of which are located in other rooms;
installation, testing of secondary circuits, protection devices, electrical automation, alarms, measurements, communications and others;
laying power and control cables;
testing of electrical equipment with high voltage supply, when it is necessary to monitor the equipment being tested and warn unauthorized persons about the danger of approaching it. The specified work is carried out on the basis of and subject to the conditions provided for by these Intersectoral Rules.
83. With the permission of the work manager, temporary departure from the workplace of one or more team members is allowed. In this case, there is no need to remove them from the brigade. In electrical installations with voltages above 1000V, the number of team members remaining at the workplace must be at least two, including the work foreman.
Team members with electrical safety groups III - IV can independently leave the switchgear and return to the workplace with electrical safety group II - only accompanied by a team member with electrical safety group III - IV, or an employee who has the right of sole inspection electrical installations.
It is prohibited to leave the door unlocked after leaving the control room.
Returning team members can begin work only with the permission of the work manager. Until their return, the work performer has no right to leave the workplace if the room in which the electrical installation is located cannot be locked.
84. If violations of the requirements of these Interindustry Rules are detected or other circumstances are identified that threaten the safety of workers, team members must be removed from the workplace, and the work producer must transfer the work order to the permitting person. Only after the detected violations have been eliminated, team members can be readmitted to work in compliance with the requirements of the initial clearance.
Who carries out supervision during work on electrical installations and how is it organized?
Who carries out supervision during work on electrical installations and how is it organized?
After admission to work, supervision of the team’s compliance with safety requirements is assigned to the work manager (supervisor), who must organize his work in such a way as to monitor all members of the team, being, if possible, in the area of the workplace where the most dangerous work is performed.
The observer is not allowed to combine supervision with the performance of any work.
(Inter-industry Rules on Labor Protection POTRM-016-2001 clause 2.8.1.)
What is meant by an electrical network with a solidly grounded neutral?
Solidly grounded neutral - the neutral of a transformer or generator, connected directly to the grounding device. The output of a single-phase alternating current source or the pole of a direct current source in two-wire networks, as well as the midpoint in three-wire DC networks, can also be solidly grounded.
(Rules for Electrical Installations (seventh edition) clause 1.7.5.)
It is used in electrical installations with voltages up to 1 kV, above 1 kV (clause 1.7.2.), electrical networks with voltages of 220 kV and above must operate only with a solidly grounded neutral (clause 1.2.16.).
For electrical installations with voltages up to 1 kV, the following designations are accepted: TT system - a system in which the neutral of the source is solidly grounded, and the open conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded using a grounding device, electrically independent from the solidly grounded neutral of the source. (clause 1.7.3.)
In what case should portable grounding be removed from use?
During operation, groundings are inspected at least once every 3 months, as well as immediately before use and after exposure to short circuit currents. If mechanical defects in contact connections are detected, more than 5% of conductors are broken, or they melt, grounding connections must be removed from service.
(Instructions for the use and testing of protective equipment used in electrical installations Moscow 2003, clause 2.17.16.)
How does the magnitude of the current, the path it passes through the body and the duration of the flow affect the outcome of the injury?
As the current increases, the nature of its effect changes dramatically. In this regard, currents permissible for humans are assessed according to three electrical safety criteria:
The 1st criterion is an imperceptible current (I = 1 mA), which does not cause disturbances in the body’s functioning and is allowed to flow for a long time through the human body when servicing electrical equipment.
The 2nd criterion is the releasing current (I = 6 mA), the effect of this current on a person is permissible if the duration of its flow does not exceed 30 s.
3rd criterion - non-releasing current, allowed for short-term exposure (up to 1 s), not exceeding the magnitude of fibrillation currents. The values of this current, depending on the duration of exposure, can be taken as follows: at 1 s - 50 mA, at 0.7 s - 75 mA, at 0.5 s - 100 mA, at 0.2 s - 250 mA, at 0.1 s - 500 mA.
The duration of exposure in many cases is the determining factor on which the final outcome of the lesion depends. So, with short-term exposure (0.1-0.5 s), a current of about 100 mA does not cause cardiac fibrillation, while at the same time, if the duration is increased to 1 minute, the same current leads to death. When the exposure time changes from 0.1 to 1 s, the permissible current decreases by 10 times.
(Labor safety in railway transport; Moscow 1977. Loschinin A.V.)
As the statistics of electrical injuries show, the path plays a big role in the outcome of an electric shock. The damage will be more severe if the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord are in the path of the current. In the practice of servicing electrical installations, the current flowing through the body of a person who has come under voltage, as a rule, follows the “arm-to-arm” or “arm-to-leg” path. However, it can also flow along other paths, for example, “head-legs”, “back-arms”, “leg-leg”, etc. The degree of damage in these cases depends on which human organs are affected by the current, as well as the force current passing directly through the heart. So, when flowing along the leg-to-leg path, 0.4% of the total current passes through the heart, and 3.3% along the arm-to-arm path.
(Filipchenko M.P. Electrical safety. Textbook, Moscow RGOTUPS, paragraph 1.3. p. 6)
| Commission of the Oktyabrskaya Railway, a branch of JSC Russian Railways, to test the knowledge of norms and rules of work in electrical installations of electrical and electrical engineering personnel |
| EXAMINATION CARD No. 2 |
| 1. Which electrical installations are considered operational? How are electrical installations classified according to electrical safety conditions? 2. What safety measures must be observed when performing work under voltage up to 1000 V? When should electrical personnel use safety helmets? 3. What color are the busbars in DC electrical installations? 4. Define additional electrical protective equipment. What electrical protective equipment is considered additional for electrical installations over 1000 V? 5. How to free the victim from the effects of electric current? |
1. Which electrical installations are considered operational? How are electrical installations classified according to electrical safety conditions?
Operating electrical installation - an electrical installation or part thereof that is energized, or to which voltage can be applied by turning on switching devices. (PTEEP definition).
What safety measures must be observed when performing work under voltage up to 1000 V. In what cases should electrical personnel use safety helmets.
In electrical installations with voltages up to 1000V, when working under voltage, it is necessary to:
protect other live parts located near the workplace that are energized and that may be accidentally touched;
work in dielectric galoshes or standing on an insulating stand or on a rubber dielectric carpet;
use an insulated tool (screwdrivers must also have an insulated rod), use dielectric gloves.
It is not allowed to work in clothes with short or rolled up sleeves, and also to use hacksaws, files, metal meters, etc.
All personnel working in rooms with power equipment (except for control panels, relay rooms and the like), in closed switchgear and open switchgear, in wells, tunnels and trenches, as well as those involved in the maintenance and repair of overhead lines, must use protective helmets.
What color are the busbars in DC electrical installations?
Tires must be marked:
3) with direct current: positive bus (+) - in red, negative (-) - in blue and zero operating M - in blue;
4) backup as a redundant main bus; if the reserve tire can replace any of the main tires, then it is indicated by transverse stripes in the color of the main tires.
The color coding must be carried out along the entire length of the tires if it is also provided for more intensive cooling or for anti-corrosion protection.
It is allowed to carry out a color designation not along the entire length of the busbars, only a color or only an alphanumeric designation, or a color in combination with an alphanumeric designation only at the points where the busbars are connected; if non-insulated busbars are not available for inspection during the period when they are energized, then it is permissible not to mark them. At the same time, the level of safety and visibility when servicing the electrical installation should not be reduced.
Requirements for testing dielectric gloves, frequency of norms?
(Instructions for the use and testing of protective equipment used in electrical installations, Appendix No. 7)
The gloves are immersed in a bath of water at a temperature of 25 degrees C. Water is poured into the gloves, the water level both outside and inside the gloves should be 45-55 mm below the top edges, which should be dry. At the end of the test, the gloves are dried. The duration of the test is 1 minute, the current flowing through the gloves is no more than 6 mA, the test frequency is once every 6 months.
What are the mandatory forms of work with operational and maintenance personnel. How do the forms of working with maintenance personnel differ from the forms of working with operational maintenance personnel? In what cases are electrical personnel required to undergo an internship? What is the duration and procedure for completing the internship?
When allowing repair and operational personnel to work independently in electrical installations, an internship of 2 to 14 work shifts is required.
For operational and operational repair personnel, duplication is required in the amount of 2 to 12 work shifts, depending on the length of service.
ZhZK - ABC
Who is responsible for electrical equipment and for what purpose? In some cases, a person responsible for electrical equipment may not be appointed. In what cases can he be appointed without a person replacing him? Who can assume responsibility for the safe operation of electrical installations in cases where PTEEP allow the possibility of the absence of persons responsible for electrical equipment in the organization.
To directly fulfill the responsibilities for organizing the operation of electrical installations, the head of the Consumer (except for citizens who own electrical equipment over 1000V) appoints the person responsible for the electrical equipment of the organization and his deputy with the appropriate document.
For consumers not engaged in production activities, whose electrical equipment includes only an input (input-distribution) device, lighting installations, portable electrical equipment with a rated voltage of no higher than 380V, the person responsible for the electrical equipment may not be appointed. In this case, the Consumer's manager may assume responsibility for the safe operation of electrical installations by written agreement with the local state energy supervision authority by issuing a corresponding statement of obligation without testing knowledge.
For a Consumer whose installed capacity of electrical installations does not exceed 10 kVA, a replacement employee for electrical equipment may not be appointed.
Requirements for personnel operating electrical installations. Describe the personnel who operate electrical installations.
Administrative and technical staff
Managers and specialists who are entrusted with the responsibility for organizing technical and operational maintenance, carrying out repair, installation and commissioning work in electrical installations
Non-electrical personnel
Production personnel who do not fall under the definition of “electrical” or “electrotechnological” personnel
Operational staff
Personnel performing operational management and maintenance of electrical installations (inspection, operational switching, preparation of the workplace, admission and supervision of workers, performance of work in the order of routine operation)
Operational and repair personnel
Repair personnel specially trained and prepared for operational maintenance of the electrical installations assigned to them within the approved scope
Repair personnel
Personnel providing maintenance and repair, installation, adjustment and testing of electrical equipment
Electrical personnel
Administrative-technical, operational, operational-repair, maintenance personnel performing installation, adjustment, maintenance, repair, control of the operating mode of electrical installations
Electrotechnological personnel
Personnel whose main component in the technological process they control is electrical energy (for example, electric welding, electric arc furnaces, electrolysis, etc.), who use manual electric machines, portable power tools and lamps in their work, and other workers for whom the job description or the labor safety instructions establish knowledge of these Rules (where II or higher electrical safety group is required)
Who carries out supervision during work on electrical installations and how is it organized?
After admission to work, supervision of the team’s compliance with safety requirements is assigned to the work manager (supervisor), who must organize his work in such a way as to monitor all members of the team, being, if possible, in the area of the workplace where the most dangerous work is performed.
The observer is not allowed to combine supervision with the performance of any work.
(Inter-industry Rules on Labor Protection POTRM-016-2001 clause 2.8.1.)
