Where an electric motor is used - examples. Application of electric motors

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It consists of a stator (or armature) and a rotor. This device has become very widespread in all spheres of life. Thanks to electric motors, it has been possible to replace human labor with machine work in many areas. Let's look at the different types of motors and find out where electric motors are used (see examples below).

Principle of operation

The electric motor is quite simple. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The installation includes a stationary part - a stator mounted in AC motors of synchronous and asynchronous types or an inductor (for a DC motor), as well as a rotor, that is, a moving part for synchronous and asynchronous types, or an armature for DC devices.

The rotors can be squirrel-cage (squirrel cage type) and phase with a winding (slip ring system). Cases where the latter type of electric motor is used are asynchronous-type devices for reducing current and regulating rotation speed.

The moving part in a direct current device or working on this principle in a universal motor is called an armature. A universal motor is a DC motor with sequential excitation, that is, sequential connection of the armature and winding. There is no reactance at direct current. Therefore, if you remove the electrical unit from the angle grinder, it will continue to work, especially if the mains voltage is low and the current used is constant.

Electric motor AIR characteristics

engine's type	R, kW	Rated rotation speed, rpm	efficiency,*	COS f	1p/1n	Mn/Mn	Mmax/Mn	1n, A	Weight, kg
AIR56A2	0,18	2840	68,0	0,78	5,0	2,2	2,2	0,52	3,4
AIR56V2	0,25	2840	68,0	0,698	5,0	2,2	2,2	0,52	3,9
AIR56A4	0,12	1390	63,0	0,66	5,0	2,1	2,2	0,44	3,4
AIR56V4	0,18	1390	64,0	0,68	5,0	2,1	2,2	0,65	3,9
AIR63A2	0,37	2840	72,0	0,86	5,0	2,2	2,2	0,91	4,7
AIR63V2	0,55	2840	75,0	0,85	5,0	2,2	2,3	1,31	5,5
AIR63A4	0,25	1390	68,0	0,67	5,0	2,1	2,2	0,83	4,7
AIR63V4	0,37	1390	68,0	0,7	5,0	2,1	2,2	1,18	5,6
AIR63A6	0,18	880	56,0	0,62	4,0	1,9	2	0,79	4,6
AIR63V6	0,25	880	59,0	0,62	4,0	1,9	2	1,04	5,4
AIR71A2	0,75	2840	75,0	0,83	6,1	2,2	2,3	1,77	8,7
AIR71V2	1,1	2840	76,2	0,84	6,9	2,2	2,3	2,6	10,5
AIR71A4	0,55	1390	71,0	0,75	5,2	2,4	2,3	1,57	8,4
AIR71V4	0,75	1390	73,0	0,76	6,0	2,3	2,3	2,05	10
AIR71A6	0,37	880	62,0	0,70	4,7	1,9	2,0	1,3	8,4
AIR71V6	0,55	880	65,0	0,72	4,7	1,9	2,1	1,8	10
AIR71A8	0,25	645	54,0	0,61	4,7	1,8	1,9	1,1	9
AIR71V8	0,25	645	54,0	0,61	4,7	1,8	1,9	1,1	9
AIR80A2	1,5	2850	78,5	0,84	7,0	2,2	2,3	3,46	13
AIR80A2ZHU2	1,5	2850	78,5	0,84	7,0	2,2	2,3	3,46	13
AIR80V2	2,2	2855	81,0	0,85	7,0	2,2	2,3	4,85	15
AIR80V2ZHU2	2,2	2855	81,0	0,85	7,0	2,2	2,3	4,85	15
AIR80A4	1,1	1390	76,2	0,77	6,0	2,3	2,3	2,85	14
AIR80V4	1,5	1400	78,5	0,78	6,0	2,3	2,3	3,72	16
AIR80A6	0,75	905	69,0	0,72	5,3	2,0	2,1	2,3	14
AIR80V6	1,1	905	72,0	0,73	5,5	2,0	2,1	3,2	16
AIR80A8	0,37	675	62,0	0,61	4,0	1,8	1,9	1,49	15
AIR80V8	0,55	680	63,0	0,61	4,0	1,8	2,0	2,17	18
AIR90L2	3,0	2860	82,6	0,87	7,5	2,2	2,3	6,34	17
AIR90L2ZHU2	3,0	2860	82,6	0,87	7,5	2,2	2,3	6,34	17
AIR90L4	2,2	1410	80,0	0,81	7,0	2,3	2,3	5,1	17
AIR90L6	1,5	920	76,0	0,75	5,5	2,0	2,1	4,0	18
AIR90LA8	0,75	680	70,0	0,67	4,0	1,8	2,0	2,43	23
AIR90LB8	1,1	680	72,0	0,69	5,0	1,8	2,0	3,36	28
AIR100S2	4,0	2880	84,2	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	8,2	20,5
AIR100S2ZHU2	4,0	2880	84,2	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	8,2	20,5
AIR100L2	5,5	2900	85,7	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	11,1	28
AIR100L2ZHU2	5,5	2900	85,7	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	11,1	28
AIR100S4	3,0	1410	82,6	0,82	7,0	2,3	2,3	6,8	21
AIR100L4	4,0	1435	84,2	0,82	7,0	2,3	2,3	8,8	37
AIR100L6	2,2	935	79,0	0,76	6,5	2,0	2,1	5,6	33,5
AIR100L8	1,5	690	74,0	0,70	5,0	1,8	2,0	4,4	33,5
AIR112M2	7,5	2895	87,0	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	14,9	49
AIR112M2ZHU2	7,5	2895	87,0	0,88	7,5	2,2	2,3	14,9	49
AIR112M4	5,5	1440	85,7	0,83	7,0	2,3	2,3	11,7	45
AIR112MA6	3,0	960	81,0	0,73	6,5	2,1	2,1	7,4	41
AIR112MB6	4,0	860	82,0	0,76	6,5	2,1	2,1	9,75	50
AIR112MA8	2,2	710	79,0	0,71	6,0	1,8	2,0	6,0	46
AIR112MB8	3,0	710	80,0	0,73	6,0	1,8	2,0	7,8	53
AIR132M2	11	2900	88,4	0,89	7,5	2,2	2,3	21,2	54
AIR132M2ZHU2	11	2900	88,4	0,89	7,5	2,2	2,3	21,2	54
AIR132S4	7,5	1460	87,0	0,84	7,0	2,3	2,3	15,6	52
AIR132M4	11	1450	88,4	0,84	7,0	2,2	2,3	22,5	60
AIR132S6	5,5	960	84,0	0,77	6,5	2,1	2,1	12,9	56
AIR132M6	7,5	970	86,0	0,77	6,5	2,0	2,1	17,2	61
AIR132S8	4,0	720	81,0	0,73	6,0	1,9	2,0	10,3	70
AIR132M8	5,5	720	83,0	0,74	6,0	1,9	2,0	13,6	86
AIR160S2	15	2930	89,4	0,89	7,5	2,2	2,3	28,6	116
AIR160S2ZHU2	15	2930	89,4	0,89	7,5	2,2	2,3	28,6	116
AIR160M2	18,5	2930	90,0	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	34,7	130
AIR160M2ZHU2	18,5	2930	90,0	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	34,7	130
AIR160S4	15	1460	89,4	0,85	7,5	2,2	2,3	30,0	125
AIR160S4ZHU2	15	1460	89,4	0,85	7,5	2,2	2,3	30,0	125
AIR160M4	18,5	1470	90,0	0,86	7,5	2,2	2,3	36,3	142
AIR160S6	11	970	87,5	0,78	6,5	2,0	2,1	24,5	125
AIR160M6	15	970	89,0	0,81	7,0	2,0	2,1	31,6	155
AIR160S8	7,5	720	85,5	0,75	6,0	1,9	2,0	17,8	125
AIR160M8	11	730	87,5	0,75	6,5	2,0	2,0	25,5	150
AIR180S2	22	2940	90,5	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	41,0	150
AIR180S2ZHU2	22	2940	90,5	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	41,0	150
AIR180M2	30	2950	91,4	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	55,4	170
AIR180M2ZHU2	30	2950	91,4	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	55,4	170
AIR180S4	22	1470	90,5	0,86	7,5	2,2	2,3	43,2	160
AIR180S4ZHU2	22	1470	90,5	0,86	7,5	2,2	2,3	43,2	160
AIR180M4	30	1470	91,4	0,86	7,2	2,2	2,3	57,6	190
AIR180M4ZHU2	30	1470	91,4	0,86	7,2	2,2	2,3	57,6	190
AIR180M6	18,5	980	90,0	0,81	7,0	2,1	2,1	38,6	160
AIR180M8	15	730	88,0	0,76	6,6	2,0	2,0	34,1	172
AIR200M2	37	2950	92,0	0,88	7,5	2,0	2,3	67,9	230
AIR200M2ZHU2	37	2950	92,0	0,88	7,5	2,0	2,3	67,9	230
AIR200L2	45	2960	92,5	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	82,1	255
AIR200L2ZHU2	45	2960	92,5	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	82,1	255
AIR200M4	37	1475	92,0	0,87	7,2	2,2	2,3	70,2	230
AIR200L4	45	1475	92,5	0,87	7,2	2,2	2,3	84,9	260
AIR200M6	22	980	90,0	0,83	7,0	2,0	2,1	44,7	195
AIR200L6	30	980	91,5	0,84	7,0	2,0	2,1	59,3	225
AIR200M8	18,5	730	90,0	0,76	6,6	1,9	2,0	41,1	210
AIR200L8	22	730	90,5	0,78	6,6	1,9	2,0	48,9	225
AIR225M2	55	2970	93,0	0,90	7,5	2,0	2,3	100	320
AIR225M4	55	1480	93,0	0,87	7,2	2,2	2,3	103	325
AIR225M6	37	980	92,0	0,86	7,0	2,1	2,1	71,0	360
AIR225M8	30	735	91,0	0,79	6,5	1,9	2,0	63	360
AIR250S2	75	2975	93,6	0,90	7,0	2,0	2,3	135	450
AIR250M2	90	2975	93,9	0,91	7,1	2,0	2,3	160	530
AIR250S4	75	1480	93,6	0,88	6,8	2,2	2,3	138,3	450
AIR250M4	90	1480	93,9	0,88	6,8	2,2	2,3	165,5	495
AIR250S6	45	980	92,5	0,86	7,0	2,1	2,0	86,0	465
AIR250M6	55	980	92,8	0,86	7,0	2,1	2,0	104	520
AIR250S8	37	740	91,5	0,79	6,6	1,9	2,0	78	465
AIR250M8	45	740	92,0	0,79	6,6	1,9	2,0	94	520
AIR280S2	110	2975	94,0	0,91	7,1	1,8	2,2	195	650
AIR280M2	132	2975	94,5	0,91	7,1	1,8	2,2	233	700
AIR280S4	110	1480	94,5	0,88	6,9	2,1	2,2	201	650
AIR280M4	132	1480	94,8	0,88	6,9	2,1	2,2	240	700
AIR280S6	75	985	93,5	0,86	6,7	2,0	2,0	142	690
AIR280M6	90	985	93,8	0,86	6,7	2,0	2,0	169	800
AIR280S8	55	740	92,8	0,81	6,6	1,8	2,0	111	690
AIR280M8	75	740	93,5	0,81	6,2	1,8	2,0	150	800
AIR315S2	160	2975	94,6	0,92	7,1	1,8	2,2	279	1170
AIR315M2	200	2975	94,8	0,92	7,1	1,8	2,2	248	1460
AIR315MV2	250	2975	94,8	0,92	7,1	1,8	2,2	248	1460
AIR315S4	160	1480	94,9	0,89	6,9	2,1	2,2	288	1000
AIR315M4	200	1480	94,9	0,89	6,9	2,1	2,2	360	1200
AIR315S6	110	985	94,0	0,86	6,7	2,0	2,0	207	880
AIR315M(A)6	132	985	94,2	0,87	6,7	2,0	2,0	245	1050
AIR315MV6	160	985	94,2	0,87	6,7	2,0	2,0	300	1200
AIR315S8	90	740	93,8	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	178	880
AIR315M(A)8	110	740	94,0	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	217	1050
AIR315MV8	132	740	94,0	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	260	1200
AIR355S2	250	2980	95,5	0,92	6,5	1.6	2,3	432,3	1700
AIR355M2	315	2980	95,6	0,92	7,1	1,6	2,2	544	1790
AIR355S4	250	1490	95,6	0,90	6,2	1,9	2,9	441	1700
AIR355M4	315	1480	95,6	0,90	6,9	2,1	2,2	556	1860
AIR355MA6	200	990	94,5	0,88	6,7	1,9	2,0	292	1550
AIR355S6	160	990	95,1	0,88	6,3	1,6	2,8	291	1550
AIR355MV6	250	990	94,9	0,88	6,7	1,9	2,0	454,8	1934
AIR355L6	315	990	94,5	0,88	6,7	1,9	2,0	457	1700
AIR355S8	132	740	94,3	0,82	6,4	1,9	2,7	259,4	1800
AIR355MA8	160	740	93,7	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	261	2000
AIR355MV8	200	740	94,2	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	315	2150
AIR355L8	132	740	94,5	0,82	6,4	1,8	2,0	387	2250

AC motors

The devices in question come in AC and DC power. In all areas where an electric motor is used, it most often has alternating current. This motor has a simple operating principle and is easy to operate. The only significant disadvantage is the unregulated rotation speed.

AC electric motors can have one or more phases. Devices that use an AC electric motor are those machines that do not need to regulate the speed. They can have different purposes (crushers, pumps, wood processing machines, and so on). Their power ranges from two tenths to two hundred kilowatts or more.

Housing protection degree

To symbolize the degree of protection of the body of an electrical machine from harmful environmental factors, the abbreviation IP is used. In this case, the following information is indicated on the electric drive housing:

• High level of dust protection - IP65, IP66.
• Protected - not lower than IP21, IP22.
• With moisture protection - IP55, IP5.
• With protection against splashes and drops - IP23, IP24.
• Closed version - IP44 - IP54.
• Sealed - IP67, IP68.

When selecting an electric motor for operation under conditions of exposure to certain harmful factors, it is necessary to carefully select the degree of protection of its housing.

DC motors

Electric DC motors can have, in addition to series, parallel and mixed connections of stator and armature windings. Their advantage is something that is not available to the previous type: the ability to regulate the speed of rotation. However, during operation the use of force is necessary.

Such motors are either brushless or commutated.

Brushless, or valve-type, motors are motors that operate in a closed system with a sensor that determines the rotor position and control system.

Commutator motors can be self-excited (parallel, series and mixed) and independently excited.

Devices where DC electric motors are used are, for example, electric vehicles and various construction machines.

General safety requirements for installation and operation

When installing an electric motor, the following requirements must be adhered to:

• Before connecting, check that the frequency and voltage of the supply network corresponds with the information on the electric motor data sheet.
• Before installing an electrical machine, be sure to measure the electrical insulation resistance of the stator winding relative to the housing. If the values ​​are unsatisfactory, the insulation is dried until the required value is reached.
• When mating shafts, it is necessary to strictly maintain alignment with a permissible deviation of no more than 0.2 mm.
• To ground the electric motor housing, use only special grounding devices provided for in the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Installation of an electric drive under voltage is strictly prohibited.

When operating electrical machines, the following basic rules should be adhered to:

• Regular inspection of the condition of the electric motor is the key to timely identification of faults.
• Regularly throughout the entire service life, the serviceability of current and thermal protection, cleaning and lubrication, check of contact connections and reliability of grounding are carried out.
• If there is increased noise or knocking, vibration diagnostics are carried out to determine the condition of bearings and other rotating parts.
• Prolonged operation of a single-phase electric motor in idle mode should be avoided, which negatively affects its service life.
• It is prohibited to operate an electric motor with faulty protection against overheating, overload, or an excessive value of the ground loop resistance.

Asynchronous view

The most commonly used is a three-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor. In this case, a circular magnetic field penetrates the short-circuited rotor winding, causing an induction current to occur. It is called asynchronous because the rotation of the rotor is not equal to the rotation of the magnetic stator.

The use of asynchronous electric motors is common in many branches of technology, in household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners), in industry, for example, in wood and metalworking, as well as in weaving. They work more stable than other types, are cheaper and easier to operate.

Energy efficiency

The concept of energy efficiency refers to the ratio of the cost of paying for electricity used to power the engines and useful work. According to the IEC60034-30-1 standard, all motors are divided into classes:

• IE1 – standard;
• IE2 – high efficiency;
• IE3 – extra high;
• IE4 – premium.

When choosing an engine, it is also necessary to take into account the cost of the equipment and the payback period. It is not always profitable to buy IE4 motors if they are turned on for several hours a day, or even a week. But it is also impractical to buy cheap IE1 motors for production lines that operate almost 24/7. There must be balance in everything.

Types of torque generation

Based on how the torque appears, electric motors are divided into hysteresis and magnetoelectric.

The most common use in traditional industries is the use of magnetoelectric motors. They can be both direct and alternating current. There are also universal engines.

But the industries where hysteresis electric motors are used cannot be called widespread. Typically, such devices are unconventional and are used extremely rarely in industry. More of them are used in gyroscopy, time counters, as well as in sound and image recording devices.

Climatic performance

The prevalence of electric drives determines their operation in a variety of conditions, including quite harsh ones. The tightness of the housing, cooling efficiency, and manufacturing materials determine the possibility of installing the motor in certain conditions. There are 7 such executions:

• U1 - outdoor operation in areas with a temperate climate;
• U2 - installation under a canopy, or indoors in temperate climates;
• U3 - installation in a ventilated room;
• T 1 (2, 3) - for dry and humid tropical climates (1, 2 and 3 - open air, canopy and indoors);
• UHL1 - moderately cold climate with outdoor installation;
• UHL 4 - moderately cold climate with indoor installation;
• UT1.5 - Universal.

Universal commutator-type motors

Where are universal commutator type electric motors used? Without them, industrial and household appliances do not function, for example, fans, juicers, meat grinders, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators and the like. They operate from a direct current network of one hundred ten and two hundred twenty volts, and from an alternating current network of 127 and 220 volts.

The design of such motors is similar to bipolar DC motors with series excitation.

Here, not only the armature is assembled from sheet-type electrical steel, but also the pole and the yoke, that is, the stationary part of the magnetic wire.

The field winding can be connected to either one or the other side of the armature. This reduces radio interference generated by the motor. The same rotation speed for both direct and alternating current is achieved by implementing an excitation winding with branches. The only difference is that with a direct current network it is used completely, and with an alternating current network it is only partially used.

The torque is obtained through the interaction of the current with the magnetic excitation flux.

Such motors have a power of only five to six hundred watts (but in some cases, for example, in electric tools, they reach eight hundred watts), and a rotation speed of two thousand seven hundred seventy to eight thousand revolutions per minute. Since the starting currents here are small, starting resistances are not needed. The minimum number of pins on universal collectors is four. Of these, two are used for connecting to a DC network, and the other two are for AC. Moreover, in the latter case, the engine efficiency will be lower due to large electrical and magnetic losses. Alternating current will be consumed more than direct current, since it has not only an active component, but also a reactive one.

The rotation speed can be controlled, for example, by an automatic transformer or a rheostat.

Rated reactive electrical power

The power that is returned to the electrical network is called reactive power. It is calculated as the square root of the difference between the squares of the total and active electrical powers. In our example, it is equal to 2750 VAR (volt-ampere reactive).

The mechanical characteristics of electric motors are also important when choosing and purchasing a device. Let's look at the rules by which they are calculated.

Repair

Repair work on the entire device is carried out in order to restore its functionality and performance. Sometimes some parts need to be replaced. For example, when the stator heats up for various reasons, carbon deposits may form on the armature structure of the electric motor.

The sequence of steps is then as follows:

• engine dismantling;
• cleaning work;
• disassembly of all components;
• restoration of damaged parts;
• painting;
• assembling the engine and testing it under load conditions.

If the rod has cracks, it must be restored or replaced. This is done like this: at the site of the crack, an incision is made and holes are drilled from the point of this incision to the end of the closing ring. The part that was drilled is filled with copper alloy.

Do not forget about checking the engine for open circuits and short circuits. The rotor and stator resistance are checked using an ohmmeter, while checking the technical specifications in the operating instructions. However, the device must be extremely sensitive due to the tendency of resistance to zero in the windings of powerful motor models.

Angular velocity

The next important characteristic of an asynchronous electric motor is angular velocity. In order to calculate it, you first need to convert the rotor speed to other units of measurement. First, let's calculate the number of revolutions per second: 2800 / 60 = 46.7.

Next, you need to multiply the resulting number by 2 Pi: 46.7 * 2 * 3.14 = 293.276 radians per second. The resulting value characterizes the angular velocity of the electric motor. Sometimes, for ease of calculation, angular velocity is converted to degrees. We get: 46.7 * 360 = 16812 degrees per second.

• 
  Electric motors: design and principle of operation

• Application of electric motors

• Electric motor rotor - design features and operating principle of the device. Repair and restoration instructions