Dividing electrical wiring into groups

Why do you need a wiring diagram?

It turns out that installing modern electrical wiring in an apartment is a real art, which only a professional electrician can handle.

If you do not want to constantly change the decoration of the walls in order to mask cables that appear here and there, we recommend that before renovating an apartment or building a house, draw up a drawing indicating all significant objects related to electricity: sockets, switches, an electrical panel with an RCD, lighting fixtures.

A sample diagram that a homeowner can sketch

Attention is paid to marking the locations of all electrical points, from the electrical panel to the sockets. Focusing on the requirements or wishes of the home owner, the electrician draws up a schematic diagram of the electrical wiring in the apartment

His task is to divide the cables into groups in order to correctly distribute the load, think through the control and protection system, and ultimately do everything to guarantee safety and comfort.

Based on the requirements or wishes of the home owner, the electrician draws up a schematic diagram of the electrical wiring in the apartment. His task is to divide the cables into groups in order to properly distribute the load, think through the control and protection system, and ultimately do everything to guarantee safety and comfort.

What must be taken into account when drawing up a diagram, drawing, work plan necessary for proper installation of electrical wiring?

Let's consider the electrical network from the point of view of its component parts:

Automatic protection devices installed in the electrical panel. The functioning of all home equipment and the safety of users depend on their quality and proper installation.
Cables and wires with the correct cross-section and good insulation.
Sockets and switches with high-quality contacts and safe housings.

In private houses, a mandatory element is an input circuit breaker and a power cable from it to the switchboard. Using a circuit breaker, the power consumption is regulated and, if necessary, all electricity in the house is turned off.

Approximate wiring diagram in a private house

The main attention should be paid to the distribution of power across circuit breakers and the protection of each dedicated line. The electricity meter is usually installed at the entrance, after the input circuit breaker

The electricity meter is usually installed at the entrance, after the input circuit breaker.

Selection of protective automation

I advise you to buy circuit breakers from three manufacturers for installation: LEGRAND, ABB and DEKraft.

Automatic DEK Kraft

Legrand automatic

ABB automatic

All machines are mounted according to the DIN system (mounted on a DIN rail, simply snapped into place) and have a fuse (load current switch) from 10 to 63 Amps. There are also large denominations, but they are not needed in an apartment. Circuit breakers differ in the time they are disconnected from the load and the coating of the clamping contacts.

mounting machines on DIN rail

ABB automation has all copper clamps, which is excellent in itself; the shutdown time is minimal.
The LEGRAND automatics have all the clamps copper-plated, which is also not bad, the shutdown time is minimal.
DEKraft automatics have all metal clamps, the shutdown time is several milliseconds longer than ABB AND LEGRAND.

The choice of automation for protecting lines must be treated with special care. The safety of your home depends on it. Therefore, I advise you to buy circuit breakers in specialized stores. (Read the article HERE and HERE about the installation of the Electrician)

What does the PUE say about the difference between group networks and supply and distribution networks?

The main document for an electrician, PUE (Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations), surprisingly clearly and reasonably interprets the concepts of group, distribution and supply networks in Chapter 7 (clause 7.1.10-7.1.12)

The power supply network goes from the substation switchgear or branch from the overhead power line to the input, input-distribution devices, and the main distribution board.
The electrical distribution network follows the supply network to distribution points and electrical panels.
And finally, the group network (circuit), it follows the distribution network, from panels to electrical receivers (lamps, sockets, etc.).

As we can see from the clear definitions, the group networks of an apartment start from the floor or apartment electrical panel to the apartment’s electrical receivers.

Drawing up an electrical project for lighting

Similar to the sockets, we are making a project for the lighting group. We put all the planned lamps and switches on it.
We divide lighting into groups for the following reasons. One lighting group no more than 2300W. If we calculate the circuit breaker for such a group, we get a circuit breaker rating of 16 Amps, which corresponds to fuses of 10 Amps. The electrical cable of this group is 3×1.5 mm². Please note that cables of a smaller cross-section cannot be used in the electrical wiring of an apartment (PUE).

Two sheets of electrical design are ready. All that remains is to design the apartment panel. That's right, the panel design is called a single-line design diagram. But we are doing the electrical design of the apartment with our own hands, so we will have a simple panel diagram.

Implantation (“freezing”) of electrical cables

We moisten the recesses for the sockets with water, prepare the sockets for installation (break out the perforations for the cables), spread the alabaster, level the sockets by “freezing” them with diluted alabaster. We also secure the cable with alabaster after 30-50 cm. After the alabaster has hardened (2-3 minutes), the grooves and sub-walls can be sealed with gypsum plaster.

Several additions

Connect old aluminum wires to new copper wires through electrical connection terminal blocks.
The ends of the stranded wires are crimped with a sleeve using special pliers. It is possible to twist stranded cores with subsequent soldering of the twist.
When installing sub-walls under the tile “apron” in the kitchen, make sure that the sub-walls stick out from the wall to the thickness of the tile with mortar (8-10 mm).
Before laying electrical cables, as well as after freezing them with alabaster, measure the insulation resistance of the electrical cable. They must match and be within the limits indicated in the table below.

The insulation resistance for apartment electrical wiring is measured using an Ohmmeter with an output Voltage of 500 Volts, at a temperature not lower than +5°. And as can be seen from the table, it should not be less than 0.5 MOhm.

That's all about dividing electrical wiring into groups! Good luck to you in your endeavors!

Especially for the site: Everything about apartment renovation

Breakdown rules

The correct division of electrical wiring in a house and apartment today is to provide each room with a separate line for sockets and a separate line for lighting.

In addition, a separate line is used to connect the cable to powerful consumers. To clearly understand and understand what the division of electrics into groups is, let’s look at the graphic images. The electrical layout is presented:

In this scheme, three-phase input into the house is distributed among groups of electrical consumers. As an input cable from the meter, VVGng 5*10 is used, five cores with a cross-section of 10 square mm. To protect the input to the switchboard, a VA 40 A circuit breaker is installed.

The first group (connected from phase L1) is lighting, a 10 A circuit breaker is installed, the wire on them is VVGng 3 * 1.5 mm. The second is consumers of the bathroom and bathroom; a residual current device, a 10A-10mA RCD, is installed. In general, up to 30 mA is possible, but no more (chapter 7.1. PUE clause 7.1.82). This is due to high humidity and a high probability of electrical injuries when operating electrical appliances. VVGng 3*2.5 mm is used as the power wire, which is also powered from the first phase L1. The third is room sockets. To protect them, a 16 A circuit breaker is installed, and the power is supplied from phase L2. This is done to ensure a uniform load on the three-phase network. The wire for the third branch of the electrical wiring is also taken from VVGng 3*2.5 mm. Sockets for the fourth group (kitchen and corridor) are powered from phase L3. A 16 A circuit breaker protects the VVGng 3*2.5 mm wire. The fifth branch is the power supply for the electric stove, three phases are involved, zero and grounding. For connection, a VVGng 5*6 mm wire is used (according to SP 256.1325800.2016 clause 10.2), an RCD 32 A - 30 mA is installed for protection.

This diagram for dividing wiring into groups is given as an example to help home craftsmen figure it out and use an example to help them learn how to read diagrams, as well as draw them up based on their own experience. As an inexpensive and simple solution for distributing electrical wiring for Khrushchev, you can use the diagram below, with a distributed load on consumers.

A visual image has also been added, a wiring diagram on the apartment plan. With newly installed electrical wiring, it is necessary to draw up a similar distribution diagram in order to further facilitate troubleshooting or modernization of the wiring, adding consumer points.

Methods for routing wires and cables

Choosing a method for distributing wires in a home electrical network is a very serious and responsible undertaking. This largely determines how all the electrical equipment in the apartment will function in the future.

The most popular method of wiring is to connect all components of the electrical network through distribution boxes. This installation diagram provides for an electrical panel installed outside the apartment on the landing. An electric meter and circuit breakers are installed in it. Next, a cable with a certain cross-section is laid from the panel, which is brought into the apartment. From it, using distribution boxes, wires are routed to each room according to a pre-designed diagram.

Another method involves a star connection. With this connection, each point - socket or lighting fixture - is powered from a separate cable line. Each line is connected directly to the panel, in most cases, together with a separate circuit breaker. This type of wiring is characterized by a significant increase in the number of wires and cables, as well as labor costs for their arrangement. Ultimately, the project becomes more expensive. However, if we fully take into account all the positive and negative aspects, we can conclude that such a system is much more reliable than a conventional one and allows you to control every element in the electrical circuit.

The “loopback” system is considered a cheaper connection. It is similar to the “star” option and differs in the ability to connect several consumers to one cable at once. This method is used in accordance with the individual characteristics of the premises and the entire apartment. In any case, each of these methods is rarely used in its pure form. As a rule, combined options are used in the circuits, which allows for the most efficient and safe wiring of home electrical wiring.

Regulations

The creation of a project and installation of electrical wiring in a new building is carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the standards noted in the documentation. The main documents are:

Code of rules for design and construction SP 31-110-2003 “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings
Rules for the construction of electrical installations (PUE).

The latest editions of the PUE require that wiring carried out in a hidden way in buildings under construction must be replaceable, therefore its installation is carried out in special electrical pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are embedded in building structures. In new buildings, this work is carried out immediately after the construction of the building structure and closing of the openings. Very often they take place in parallel with heating installation work.

Distribution of consumers by groups

In addition to connections and connections, the distribution of all consumers located in the apartment into separate groups in accordance with their purpose is of great importance. Typically, the wiring diagram is made on different sheets, where each sheet corresponds to one group.

Such a breakdown will be even more effective when each group of consumers is connected to a separate circuit breaker. With this technical solution, in the future it becomes possible to carry out repairs of electrical equipment without completely turning off the power, but only in the part of the apartment where the work will be performed. In addition, separate lines have another important advantage: they do not require a high-power cable that can withstand high loads. Such loads necessarily arise when several consumers are connected to one line at once.

An electrical panel located directly in the apartment makes it possible to connect each consumer to a separate machine. This scheme makes the operation of the network convenient and safe, solving in advance all problems that may arise in the future.

The standard division into groups could be as follows:

Only lighting for living rooms, kitchens and corridors.
Connecting power to living rooms.
Connecting power to the kitchen and hallways.
Lighting and power supply are separately connected to rooms with high humidity - the bathroom and toilet. This group should be highlighted because increased requirements are placed on it.
If the kitchen has an electric stove, it must be connected to a separate line.

Additional safety is ensured by installing a separate residual current device (RCD) on each group, which is also known as a residual current switch. These devices must be installed in the kitchen and bathroom lines.

After the groups are formed, the places where the main electricity consumers will be connected are determined. These include electric stoves, washing machines, water heaters, air conditioners, dishwashers and ovens. The installation locations of sockets, switches, lighting fixtures and distribution boxes are marked on the preliminary electrical diagram of the apartment. Next, a conditional connection of the wires is made, and their length in each section is also marked on the diagram.

After preliminary sketches, a final version of the diagram is drawn up. It is applied to a precise floor plan: electrical devices are indicated by special symbols, and wires are marked with multi-colored lines so that power cables, lighting and grounding can be distinguished from each other. The diagram must contain the maximum number of sizes. The area of the rooms, the distances from the wires to the structural elements of the premises, heating and water supply systems are noted. A detailed diagram allows you not only to significantly speed up repairs, but also to calculate all the necessary materials and costs.

The principle of dividing the intra-apartment network - why is it necessary?

An input circuit breaker is installed in the distribution panel of a private house or apartment, to which the power cable is connected. This element controls the intra-house network. When the switch is turned off, electricity stops flowing to all points. This is convenient when you need to quickly and indiscriminately disconnect the power, but it is extremely inconvenient when you need to turn off the lights only in a certain room.

For this reason, the intra-house network is divided into several groups.

Branching of the intra-house network.

Most often, distribution is done by room, but there are other principles of division:

Separate group for lighting.
Connecting powerful household appliances.
Separate kitchen line.
Separate toilet and bath.

Moreover, the network can branch out at several levels, for example, a separate RCD is placed on an electric oven, which will allow you to leave other household appliances and lighting in the kitchen on if the protection is triggered. Let's look at the connection of each group separately.

How to form consumer groups

Electrical wiring is divided into groups at the design stage. Before starting this work, it is necessary to mark on the apartment plan the location of sockets, lamps and powerful electrical appliances, indicating the power and current consumption.

In addition to the necessary ones, it is advisable to add several spare sockets. Sooner or later they will definitely be needed. The number of sockets in the rooms should be sufficient to eliminate the use of tees and extension cords. Instead, double sockets or a socket block are installed

Important ! Standard household sockets are rated at 16A, but the total current of electrical appliances connected to a double socket or socket block should not exceed this value. This is due to the cross-section of the supply cables

If there are no electrical installations available, the location of the proposed installation is marked. If this is not done, then when installing new electrical appliances you will have to hollow out the walls and lay additional wiring.

Electrical wiring is divided into groups according to certain rules:

For sockets, the total current of the devices is calculated. If it exceeds 25A, then such a group should be divided into two and connected with a copper cable with a cross-section of 2.5 mm². The connection to individual sockets is carried out using a 2.5mm² wire.
Lighting is laid with a wire with a cross-section of 1.5 mm²; a 1.5 mm² cable is also used to connect individual lamps and switches. The rated current of the lighting machine is 10A.
Electrical appliances with a power of more than 3.5 kW are connected with a separate cable and a circuit breaker. The wire cross-section and rated current of the machine are determined by the power of the device.
Electrical wiring in the bathroom and other wet rooms should be a separate group. It is connected via an RCD with a response (leakage) current of 10 mA. If there are several such rooms and they are located nearby, then they are connected together.
For each group, the total current of electrical appliances is calculated and, based on this, circuit breakers and RCDs are selected. The leakage current of RCDs in ordinary premises should be no more than 30 mA.

Preparing the initial data

Drawing up such a diagram is half the battle.

To calculate we need to know:

where and what devices we will install;
power consumption, taking into account the reserve for the emergence of new equipment;
type of wiring, open or closed.

This issue is best dealt with, of course, by the owner, and not by the designer. The latter often does not even spend time on full-scale measurements or studying house drawings.

They take just three steps:

multiply the area of the apartment by two and take the resulting figure as the square footage;
for ordinary rooms, a wire cross-section of 2.5 or 3 mm2 is accepted, which is sufficient for most cases;
for powerful consumers (electric stoves) a cross-section of 6 mm is planned.

What to do with the introductory machine

When designing electrical wiring and dividing consumers into groups, inexperienced electricians ask the following question. If it is necessary to install 4 circuit breakers for 16A sockets and 2 circuit breakers for 10A indoor and outdoor lighting in the electrical panel, the total current of these devices will be 84A, which is much higher than the rated current of the input circuit breaker, which is 40A, and sometimes even 25A.

Maybe when dividing electrical wiring into groups, it is necessary to replace the machine with a more powerful one?

It is impossible to change the input circuit breaker to a more powerful one for several reasons:

For each apartment or private house, the electric company allocates a certain power, which is limited by the input machine. This is done in order not to overload the supply transformers and input cables, including at the entrance.
The rated current of the protective devices must correspond to the cross-section of the wires. Replacing these devices with more powerful ones without replacing the input cable can lead to overheating of the wires and an accident.
In many cases, the electric company installs the input machine in a separate sealed panel. Unauthorized removal of such a seal will lead to problems with the electric company and a large fine.
When installing electric heating or an electric stove, you must obtain permission to increase power consumption. In this case, the input circuit breaker and cable are replaced.

Information! With a significant increase in power consumption, it is advisable to replace the single-phase 220V input with a three-phase 380V and connect the groups evenly to different phases.

In fact, when dividing electrical appliances into groups, there is no need to change the input circuit breaker. The rated current of circuit breakers of individual groups shows not constant, but the maximum permissible current. For example, a 16A circuit breaker is installed in a group of indoor sockets, and the total current of the TV and mobile phone chargers is less than 1A. Even high-power devices do not work all the time, but intermittently.

Problems may arise when turning on the washing machine and dishwasher at the same time, especially together with an electric oven and electric kettle.

In this case, the total current will reach 2 kW (kettle) + 2.5 kW (dishwasher) + 2.5 kW (washing machine) + 1 kW (electric oven) = 8 kW or, in a 220V network, 36A. When the boiler or air conditioner is running, this will lead to an overload of the network and tripping of the circuit breaker. Therefore, such powerful electrical appliances must be turned on one by one.

Advantages and disadvantages

Dividing consumers into groups has advantages over connecting all devices to one machine:

reduction of cable cross-section;
increasing the safety of home residents;
simplifying repairs;
in the event of an emergency shutdown of one of the groups, the rest remain in operation;
no need to make a complete shutdown for repairs.

In addition to advantages, separation has disadvantages:

the calculation of electrical wiring becomes more complicated;
the dimensions and cost of the electrical panel increase.

The complication of the input panel and installation of electrical wiring when divided into groups is justified by the convenience of further operation and repair.

Calculation of required power

After this, the power of the sum of all devices is calculated. To do this, the rated power is found in the technical passport of each piece of equipment. All these values are summed up. This method involves turning on all electrical appliances at the same time. Although this will happen extremely rarely, a power reserve is necessary. A separate cable is always pulled from the electrical panel to the kitchen, because in this place the same number of appliances is concentrated as in the rest of the apartment. To calculate power there is a formula:

P = P total. × K

R total – the total power you calculated.
K – demand coefficient ≈ 0.7 (70%)

K is the demand coefficient, which takes into account the number of electrical receivers and the duration of their use. Due to the lack of accurate data, it is recommended to accept it using the request of the same name from the reference information.

Power calculator

Let's say that by adding you get a total load value of 20 kW. For a single-phase power supply system with a voltage of 220 V, this is a lot. But after multiplying by the demand factor of 0.7 (70%) you get 14 kW.

This figure is decisive in determining the cross-section of the wiring cables that you will purchase.

Wiring diagram

When drawing up an electrical wiring diagram, it is better to make two versions of the plan: one for placing lamps, the second for sockets. Sources of energy consumption are divided into groups. For each of them, the counter will have a separate machine. The need for such distribution is associated with reducing the load on the cable. Also, if a malfunction occurs, the entire apartment will not be de-energized, but only the room in which the wiring needs to be repaired.

You can make separate groups for:

Sockets - automatic 25A for both rooms and kitchen with bathroom
Lighting - use a 10A machine
For large household appliances (washing machine, electric stove, hoods, etc.) separate circuit breakers for 25A or 32A

Next, you should determine the number of outlets and their location in the apartment. First, the energy consumption points of the main appliances are assigned, then switches, lighting elements and distribution boxes. When arranging sockets and switches, you need to take into account their future comfortable use. For this:

They should be located to the left of the entrance
Sockets are installed 40 cm from the floor. The kitchen may have a different height
Switches – at a height of 90 cm from the floor

When designing a typical electrical wiring, general safety requirements must be taken into account:

You can install a socket in the bathroom only if there is a transformer
The grounding of sockets must not be connected to the neutral wire
An electric stove in the kitchen requires a 63 A circuit breaker.
The cable laying path must be horizontal and vertical, at right angles
The distance between the wires should ideally be no less than 0.3 cm, to the floor or ceiling - no less than 1.5 cm, to windows, door jambs - no less than 1 cm
It is better to install switches and sockets throughout the apartment at the same height
The wires are connected to sockets from below, and to switches - from above.
If the shield is located inside the apartment, it must be placed at a height inaccessible to children

Nuances of gaskets for different surfaces

To install wiring in an apartment or house, use the following methods:

open, with cables attached directly to the surface;
in a metal or plastic sleeve;
using steel or PVC pipes;
using cable channels;
chipping with further plastering;
using ceramic staples and insulators.

When choosing an installation method, take into account the material from which the ceiling is built. Fastening to each surface has its own characteristics.

Wooden ceiling

In this case, steel pipes must be used to lay electrical cables. Their size is selected taking into account the cross-sections of all wires.

Distribution boxes must be made of fireproof materials with a moisture protection rating of IP65. To increase safety, contact between wire cores and the internal surfaces of the shield is prevented.

Reinforced concrete slabs

In this case, electrical wiring can be installed in 2 ways:

Open, consisting of external fixation of cables. This method is used when renovating utility rooms, where there are no special requirements for the aesthetic component.
Hidden, which requires chiseling of channels in a reinforced concrete slab. During work, a large amount of construction debris and dust is generated. Some slabs are equipped with technological cavities. To maintain the load-bearing capacity of the blocks, cable channels run along such voids.

Tensioner

The use of decorative coating helps to hide communications. Rubber of a special structure is used to form the ceiling. The canvas is attached to the walls, which leads to the formation of space between the floor slab and the facing material.

It should be taken into account that the cables should not run too close to the tension fabric. The installation method under consideration limits access to electrical wiring in the future.

Metal base

Such a base conducts current well, so enhanced safety measures are taken when laying wires. According to building codes, cables are inserted into plastic electrical pipes before being attached to a metal surface.

To form connections, distribution boxes made of the same material are used. It is allowed to lay cables in metal sleeves if the use of dielectric plastic is not possible.

Drywall

Ceilings made of this material have become widespread due to their low cost and the possibility of self-installation. To install a suspended structure, a metal frame is built to which the cables are attached.

It is permissible to lay the cable in corrugated plastic or metal. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of direct access to the wiring. When servicing the system, it is necessary to disassemble the suspended structure.

Reiki

When forming such a ceiling covering, a hemming installation method is used. This also limits access to cables. The slats are attached to a wooden sheathing, which is assembled on a base base.

The method of laying the wires depends on the material of the ceiling covering. To pull the cable through, holes are made in the sheathing elements.

Cassette

This material is used for assembling suspended false structures. Cassette ceilings are constructed from square or rectangular elements made from fiberglass and pressed paper.

They are installed on a metal or plastic sheathing. This design ensures easy installation of wiring and allows access to cables at any time. The wires are attached both to the floor slabs and to the sheathing.

Apartment group circuits

In apartments, it is recommended to divide the electrical wiring circuits into (at least) three groups: a group of plug sockets in the rooms, a group of lights, and a group of sockets in the kitchen and hallway.

If the bathroom has sockets in the third zone, it is necessary to install an RCD with a cut-off current of 30 mA.

For apartments with electric stoves, a separate power supply group for the stove is provided (clause 14.12 SP31.110.2003).

The regulations indicate that in some cases, it is possible to reduce the number of apartment groups to 2 and make a mixed power supply for lighting and sockets, dividing the apartment into living rooms and a kitchen with a corridor.

What is it for?

Firstly, for ease of maintenance. Secondly, for the safety of electrical wiring. If any group fails, it is disabled without affecting the others. For example, with proper distribution of the electrical network, a closed heating element of the heater will not de-energize the entire house and you will not have to touch the cause of the accident in the dark or wander around the apartment or house to the switchboard.

In the old days, when designing housing, the requirements for wiring were different from today, and many electrical appliances that are now common to us were not in use. Therefore, it was considered normal and economically feasible to combine sockets and lighting into one group.

Tags: , automatic, ampere, beat, boiler, sconce, view, water heater, choice, switch, house, , clamp, grounding, sign, cable, like, computer, circuit, , installation, power, load, voltage, nominal, crimp , lighting, transfer, connection, rule, principle, wire, project, laying, start-up, work, calculation, repair, socket, switch, row, light, network, system, twisting, connection, resistance, circuit, ten, type, current, transformer, three-phase, , phase, shield, power supply, electrical panel

Wiring types

There are three types of electrical wiring:

Using distribution boxes: the electrical panel is located outside the apartment - on the site in the entrance. A counter with several machines is placed on the panel. From the panel the cable goes to the apartment. Each room has its own junction box. They are connected to the network in series. The general scheme looks like this:
“Star” - the electrical point is located on a separate cable line and is connected directly to a separate circuit breaker in the panel. Unprofitable in terms of labor costs and monetary expenses for laying cables and wires to each element, purchasing a more powerful reader and a large number of machines
“Loop” - this wiring method is similar to a “star”. The difference is that on a separate cable that comes from the shield there is not one element, but a group. The diagram looks like this:

Usually several types of wiring are used at once.

How to groove the ceiling and walls in concrete and brick walls for hidden electrical wiring

Grooving is the making of grooves in the walls and ceiling for laying electrical cables, as well as hollowing out niches for electrical panels and socket boxes. The grooves can go any way, but it is more professional and practical to make the grooves at right angles. This is done in order to subsequently understand how hidden wires and cables pass and not accidentally damage them by drilling through them. For gating, you need a hammer drill with a power of 800 W or more and a powerful grinder with a diamond blade or a wall chaser.

Pre-marked grooves are cut with a diamond disc; the size of the grooves is made according to the number of cables being laid. The cuts are made along the line of cable routing and short cuts across. We hollow out everything that is not needed with a hammer drill, with attachments in the form of a peak or spatula.

We cut out recesses for sub-walls in brick and block walls with a special crown. In concrete walls, the technology for making niches for military personnel is slightly different. Mark the dimensions of the sockets on the wall. Drill a row of holes around the perimeter with a 14 mm diameter drill to a depth slightly greater than the size of the sub-socket. Hole out everything unnecessary with a hammer drill.

Connecting circuit elements together

Correct drawing up of an electrical wiring diagram in an apartment largely depends on basic knowledge of electrical engineering. Without a certain minimum, it is not recommended to engage in this rather complex work. The best option is to draw up a wiring diagram by a professional electrician. In addition to drawing up a detailed plan, the electrician can eliminate identified faults or replace worn electrical wiring along the way.

Before designing and drawing up a diagram of electrical networks for an apartment, it is necessary to find out what connection methods are used. All elements can be connected to each other in various ways:

Serial connection. In this scheme, each element follows the previous one; there are no joints in the form of separate nodes. An example is a Christmas tree garland, where all the lighting devices are located in series on one wire. However, if at least one element in the circuit is damaged, then all other light bulbs will also stop working. This feature must be taken into account when drawing up the diagram.
Parallel connection. In this case, the elements are not connected to each other, but are grouped into separate nodes. If any of the consumers fails, the electrical circuit will continue to function, providing current to other elements of the system.
Mixed connection method. Parallel and series connections are used simultaneously on the same section of the circuit.

Programs for registration of as-built documentation

Currently, in order to design a developed single-line diagram in accordance with the requirements of GOST, it is enough just to have a personal computer and special software that allows you to do this work. There are several types of computer programs designed for these purposes:

“Compass-Electric” is a free program, quite easy to use, and is popular among engineering and technical workers working in the services of the chief power engineer of enterprises of various profiles.
Microsoft Visio is a free program that, as a rule, people use when drawing up a power supply diagram for a private house or apartment on a one-time basis.
“1-2-3 scheme” is a free program that is popular among students and aspiring specialists in this field of technology.
“Eagle” - the program is implemented in free and paid packages, differing in their technical capabilities.
“DipTrace” is a program used for drawing electrical circuits and drawing printed circuit boards used in the manufacture of electronic devices.
"AutoCAD Electrician" is one of the most famous and widespread programs used by both professional designers and ordinary users with sufficient experience in working with computer technology.

Work on drawing up a single-line diagram of a switchboard in the AutoCAD Electrician program