How to choose a thermal relay for a 380V electric motor - advice from an electrician

Thermal relay RTL for electric motor

The thermal relay serves for thermal protection of the electric motor. The relay protects the motor from phase imbalance or phase loss, from mechanical overload and rotor jamming.

The motor thermal relay, like the circuit breaker, has a time-current characteristic, which shows that the thermal relay cannot operate instantly if the set current is exceeded.

Read more about these characteristics here.

It is important that a thermal relay cannot save you from a short circuit - it simply will not have time. Therefore, a circuit breaker is always installed in the engine power circuit in front of the starter to protect against short circuits.

All modern “heaters” have one pair of normally open (NO, NO) contacts and one pair of normally closed (NC, NC). Typically, the contactor power supply circuit is constructed in such a way that when the thermal relay is triggered, the NC contacts break the power supply circuit of the contactor coil, and the NO contacts close and turn on the fault indication circuit.

Thermal protection of the electric motor consists in the fact that when the motor current passes through the power contacts of the thermal relay, a special bimetallic plate heats up, which activates the signal contacts. The contacts are low-current and are included in the starter control circuit.

When the relay is triggered, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the accident, then return the relay to its original state. To do this, there is a red reset button on the case, on which the letter R (Reset) is printed. On some models, returns are processed automatically.

Thermal relay RTL. Contacts for mechanical and electrical fixation in the starter

As a rule, the thermal relay is attached directly to the output contacts of the starter. And it cannot be used without a starter. Accordingly, the thermal relay is connected in series with the motor.

For different starter options, it is necessary to move the leads (contacts) of the thermal relay for proper fixation.

The photo shows (on the left) how it is recommended to move the legs for different starters.

Fixation is also ensured by a special hook that hooks onto the starter.

Such thermal relays can only be used for Soviet-developed contactors of the PML type; RTL thermal relays may not be suitable for other manufacturers.

Selecting a thermal relay for an electric motor

The main requirement for thermal regulators of electric motors is that the device rating corresponds to the current of the device to be protected. At the same time, the relays themselves are also provided with short-circuit protection, which is why fuses must be included in any connection diagram.

Table for correct selection of electric motor thermal relay according to current rating

If the thermal protection of the motor is not related to any special requirements, the relay can easily be selected according to the table presented above with the most appropriate technical parameters.

Also, the protective device is selected according to the highest operating current of the relay, which does not exceed the rated current of the electric motor to be protected. Despite this, it is recommended to select a relay such that its installation current is slightly higher than the motor rating.

It must be borne in mind that it is possible to adjust the relay current with a large margin in one direction or another - this ensures the most adjustable and effective protection.

Connection diagram

The temperature relay is connected to the terminals using pin contacts. After connection, you should adjust the triggered settings using the regulator wheel in accordance with the value of the current in the network.

The control panel is equipped with a “Test” button, which is necessary to determine the operability of the device by simulating the operation of the protection. A red button with the inscription “Stop” is used to force the contact to open. The power going to the contactor coil is blocked and therefore the load is blocked.

Schematic diagram for connecting thermal relays in electric motors of any modifications

The circuit shown in the figure is used to control an electric motor using a magnetic starter. The power contacts are connected to only two phases, the third is closed directly on the motor.

Review of manufacturers

There are many manufacturers producing thermal relays in different countries. Several of the most popular models are presented in the table.

Connection diagram

Let's look at how to connect a thermal relay using current methods. The most common scheme involves a serial connection to the motor. To power the latter, a contactor is needed. It will also be needed for the relay. And when current flows through the coil, the normal position for the terminals is closed.

When emergency temperature parameters are reached, the contacts open. The coil in the contactor is de-energized and the motor stops without power. Similarly, you can connect a two-pole relay. It is only necessary to mount the device in only two phases.

Alternatively, you can connect the relay so that when triggered, it is not the phase that is interrupted, but the zero. The latter must be connected to the starter. Since zero is supplied to the relay, it is necessary to bridge from the other contact to the coil. If there is a zero break, the contactor will turn off along with the motor.

Voltage drop and phase loss

A fully loaded induction motor running at reduced voltage will heat up quickly. If it has a built-in thermal sensor, thermal protection will work. If there is none, undervoltage protection is required. For these purposes, relays are used that are activated when the voltage drops and send a signal to turn off the engine. In the diagram below this is RN.

Restoring the initial protection state is usually performed manually or automatically, but with a time delay for each motor in a group. Otherwise, a simultaneous group start after restoration can again cause a repeated decrease in the voltage in the network and a new shutdown.

Special protection against phase loss, that is, against operation on only two phases, the PUE provides only in such drives where consequences that are unacceptable in severity are possible. It is economically feasible not to manufacture and install such protection, but to eliminate the reasons leading to this mode of operation.

The latest technical solutions in the construction of electric motor protection are automatic circuit breakers with air arc extinguishing. Some models combine the capabilities of a switch, contactor, maximum and thermal relay and perform the corresponding protective functions. In such a machine, the contacts are opened by a powerful charged spring. Its release occurs depending on the type of actuator - electromagnetic or thermal.

Operating principle of the device

Performing a protective function, the circuit breaker disconnects the power supply circuits. A thermal relay differs from it in that when the load is exceeded, it simply issues a control signal. With such protection, small currents are switched in one control circuit.

In the circuit in front of the thermal relay there is a magnetic starter. When the circuits are opened in an emergency, there is no need to duplicate the operation of the contactor. Consequently, no material is consumed for the manufacture of power contact groups.

The most popular are devices equipped with bimetallic plates. The plate itself consists of two similar elements.

One of them has a significant temperature coefficient, while the other has a slightly smaller one. These two components fit tightly together.

Since the components of a bimetallic strip are made of a pair of dissimilar metals having unequal expansion coefficients, heating causes it to bend and interact with the contacts

Such rigid fastening is ensured by welding or hot rolling. Due to the fact that the plate is fixed motionless, when heated, it bends towards the element with a lower temperature coefficient. This principle is taken as the basis when creating thermal relays.

In their production, chromium-nickel steel and non-magnetic steel are used, which have a high temperature coefficient. Invar, a compound of nickel and iron, is used as a material with a low value of this parameter.

A thermal relay operates according to this scheme. The loose end of the bimetallic plate, when it bends, affects the contacts of the thermal relay (+)

The bimetal plate is heated by load currents. They most often flow through a special heater. There is also combined heating, in which, in addition to the heat given off by the heater, the bimetal is also heated by the current passing through it.

Scope of application

One of the most important conditions for the profitable operation of an enterprise is the durability of the electrical equipment used. It depends on the conditions in which electrical installations have to operate. If equipment is often subjected to current overloads, then it is better not to hope for its long-term and reliable operation. After all, electrical equipment can operate for a long time only if rated currents flow through it. Excessive current (overload) leads to an increase in equipment temperature and premature aging of the insulation.

It will be interesting➡ Resistivity for common materials

Types of thermal relays

To protect electric motors from current overload, thermal or thermal relays are successfully used in production. The most widely used relay is a bimetallic plate, which consists of two plates made of different metals that have different coefficients of thermal expansion. These plates are fastened together by hot rolling or welding. When a bimetallic strip is heated, it bends, as one metal expands more and the other less. The operation of a thermal relay is based on this principle. The greater the difference in temperature coefficients between metals, the more suitable they are for use in a bimetallic strip. The best options for different linear expansion today are: non-magnetic steel - copper, nickel - steel, brass - Invar.

Typically, the bimetallic strip is heated by the load current flowing through it. There are also models in which the plate is heated by a special heating element through which the load current flows. But combined heating is considered the best: both the load current through the plate and the heat from the heating element, through which the load current also flows. The heat-bent plate acts on the relay contacts. However, given that the bending of the plate occurs rather slowly, and as a result, when the contacts open, an electric arc will form, an accelerating device is provided in the relay design. The best of them is the “jumping contact”.

Dust-splash-proof thermal relay

The relay is returned to its original state using a special button or (in other models) spontaneously after cooling the bimetallic plate. Certain versions of thermal relays can protect electrical equipment from current asymmetry in different phases and from the loss of one of the phases. The actuator of the thermal relay is, as a rule, a magnetic starter. The relays can be installed either inside the starter or on a standard mounting rail. The range of rated currents of thermal elements is very large and ranges from 1 to 600 amperes.

When choosing a thermal relay, you should be guided by the rated load current (usually an electric motor). Typically, the thermal relay current is 20-30% greater than the rated current of the motor, since the relay operates within 20 minutes if the current is 1.2-1.3 times higher than the operating value. It is also necessary to take into account the heating time, since during a short-term overload, only the motor winding heats up, and during a long-term overload, the entire housing is heated. Therefore, it is rational to use a thermal relay in cases where the operating cycle of the equipment is more than half an hour.

It is also necessary to take into account the ambient temperature in which the thermal relay will operate, since as the ambient temperature increases, the operating current of the thermal relay decreases. If in the room where the protected electrical equipment is installed, the ventilation in the summer cannot cope with maintaining normal temperature, it is necessary to adjust the thermostat or select another heating element for it. Naturally, the thermal relay must be installed in the same room where the protected object is installed. You should strictly avoid proximity to concentrated heat sources (heating systems, heating stoves, etc.).

Thermal relay contacts

Thermal protection

A thermal relay is an alternative way to protect an electric motor with a certain operating inertia. The operating principle is based on the use of a bimetallic plate, which is heated by the current of the motor windings. Deformation of the plate triggers the contacts necessary to turn off the engine.

The reliability of such protection depends on the similarity of thermal processes in the relay and in the motor. This is only possible if there is a sufficiently long break between turning the engine on and off. The environmental conditions for the motor and for the thermal protection elements must be the same.

The response speed of thermal relays is lower, the greater the current flowing through the heating elements or the plate itself, depending on the design. For large current values ​​in the windings of an asynchronous motor, the connection is made using current transformers. There are models of magnetic starters with thermal relays built into them.

The main electrical parameters are

• Rated voltage. This is the maximum network voltage allowed for using the relay.
• The rated current at which the relay operates for a long time and does not trip.

Thermal protection is not able to respond to short-circuit currents and unacceptable short-term overloads. Therefore, it must be used in conjunction with at least fuses.

A more advanced type of protecting an electric motor from unacceptable heating is a circuit using a special heat sensor. Such a thermal sensor is located on the engine itself in one place or another. Some engine models have a built-in bimetallic sensor - a contact connected to the protection.

Nuances when installing the device

The response speed of the thermal module can be affected not only by current overloads, but also by external temperature indicators. The protection will work even in the absence of overload.

It also happens that, under the influence of forced ventilation, the engine is subject to thermal overload, but the protection does not work.

To avoid such phenomena, you need to follow the recommendations of specialists:

1. When choosing a relay, focus on the maximum permissible operating temperature.
2. Install the protection in the same room as the protected object.
3. For installation, choose places where there are no heat sources or ventilation devices.
4. You need to configure the thermal module based on the actual ambient temperature.
5. The best option is to have built-in thermal compensation in the relay design.

An additional option for the thermal relay is protection in the event of a phase or complete power supply failure. For three-phase motors this point is especially relevant.

The current in a thermal relay moves sequentially through its heating module and on to the motor. The device is connected to the starter winding by additional contacts (+)

If there is a problem in one phase, the other two take on a larger current. As a result, overheating quickly occurs, and then shutdown. If the relay does not operate effectively, both the motor and the wiring may fail.

Selecting a thermal relay for an electric motor

The main requirement for thermal regulators of electric motors is that the device rating corresponds to the current of the device to be protected. At the same time, the relays themselves are also provided with short-circuit protection, which is why fuses must be included in any connection diagram.

Table for correct selection of electric motor thermal relay according to current rating

Tip #1: You should determine in advance the conditions in which the thermal relays will operate. If the engine is most likely to be operated in emergency conditions not associated with an increase in its electricity consumption, then in such cases the relays will not be able to provide effective protection and will simply be useless.

If the thermal protection of the motor is not related to any special requirements, the relay can easily be selected according to the table presented above with the most appropriate technical parameters.

Also, the protective device is selected according to the highest operating current of the relay, which does not exceed the rated current of the electric motor to be protected. Despite this, it is recommended to select a relay such that its installation current is slightly higher than the motor rating.

It must be borne in mind that it is possible to adjust the relay current with a large margin in one direction or another - this ensures the most adjustable and effective protection.

Why protect an electric motor from overheating?

Prolonged increased load during operation of the electric motor is accompanied by increased current consumption. This generates a considerable amount of heat, which can damage the insulation in the windings. High temperatures increase wear on bearings and there is a high probability of them jamming.

In such a situation, you cannot rely only on the automation of a special switch. It can only work when irreversible consequences have already occurred. And, to protect the equipment, a thermal relay for the electric motor is connected to the circuit.

Jumps in load can occur due to:

• phase imbalance;
• increasing the mechanical load, which makes it difficult for the rotor to move;
• bearing failure;
• jamming of the motor shaft.

All problems are accompanied by an increase in current strength. When its value reaches the emergency limit, the thermal relay will break the electrical circuit. The power supply will stop and the motor windings will remain intact. And after eliminating the cause of the overload, the motor can be put back into operation. Naturally, provided that the stator is fully operational.

Working electric motor Source twimg.com

The relay may be activated when the electric motor is started for a long time. In the case when it cannot reach rated speed for a long time. This most often happens for two reasons. Either the voltage on the line has dropped to non-working, or something is interfering with the movement of the shaft.

There are also false positives for no reason. When the inspection does not reveal any malfunctions, the operation of the unit can be quickly resumed. The device has a special button that returns the contacts to their original position.

The device reacts instantly when the current in the circuit increases. But the shutdown signal is given with some delay. This feature eliminates stopping the engine when the load increases briefly. And this cannot be avoided in the production process.

Therefore, the device is configured in such a way that, under normal conditions, operation continues indefinitely. When the load increases by 1.2 from the specified limit, the engine will turn off after 5,000 seconds. This is provided that the load never returns to normal parameters.

Burnt out electric motor windings Source uk-parkovaya.ru

If the current doubles, the electrical circuit will break in 500 seconds. Increasing the load by 5 times or higher will cause the relay to operate after ten seconds of waiting. Therefore, the main purpose of the device is to save equipment only during prolonged peak loads.

See also: Catalog of companies that specialize in electrical work of any complexity

How to choose a circuit breaker for your engine

The correct selection of a circuit breaker to protect an electric motor is of great importance for the equipment. Reliability of operation, protection of the engine from emergency operating conditions and wiring directly depend on the selection of the circuit breaker.

In this article we will outline the conditions for choosing a circuit breaker to protect an electric motor. In order to choose a circuit breaker you need to know:

— rated motor current;

— multiple of the starting current to the rated current;

— maximum permissible electrical wiring current.

Motor rated current

- this is the current that the electric motor has during operation at rated power. It is indicated on the electric motor passport or taken from the electric motor passport data tables.

Multiplicity of starting current to rated current

– this is the ratio of the starting current that occurs in the electric motor during start-up to the rated current. It is also indicated on the electric motor passport or in the electric motor tables.

Maximum permissible wiring current

- this is the permissible current that can pass through a wire or cable that is connected to an electric motor.

Conditions for correct selection of circuit breaker

to protect the electric motor:

— the rated current of the circuit breaker must be greater than or equal to the rated current of the electric motor. For example: electric motor current AIR112M4U2 In. dv. =11.4A, select the VA51G2534 circuit breaker for rated current In. = 25A and release current IN..ras. = 12.5A.

After this, we will check that the circuit breaker does not trip when starting the electric motor using the following condition:

Iu.e.>kzap. · kр.у · kр.п. ·In.dv ·ki

note

where Kzap . — safety factor that takes into account voltage fluctuations, Kzap. = 1.1;

kр.у - coefficient that takes into account the inaccuracy of the insertion of the operating current of the electromagnetic release of the circuit breaker, Kр.у = 1.2;

kr.p. — coefficient that takes into account the possible deviation of the starting current from its rated current, kр.п. = 1.2;

K i is the catalog multiplicity of the starting current of the electric motor;

In.dv - rated motor current, A.

Iу.е = 14 · In.ros = 14 · 12.5 = 175A

From the table of electric motors we find K i = 7.0 for the AIR112M4U2 electric motor.

We substitute in the condition and determine

175A > 1.1 1.2 1.2 7.0 11.4

175A > 126.4A

The condition is met, therefore the circuit breaker will not trip when the engine starts.

— the rated current of the circuit breaker must be less than the maximum permissible current of the cable that powers the electric motor. For example: the connection is made with an AVRG cable (3x2.5) which has a permissible current Iadd = 27A. For a water circuit breaker to protect the electric motor, the condition is met because Iadd = 27A > Ін. = 25A.

In this article, you learned how to correctly select the correct circuit breaker to protect the electric motor using the selection conditions.

How to choose a contactor for an electric motor with frequent starts

The choice of contactor for motors with frequent starts is different from the choice for conventional power connections. First of all , you need to pay attention to the application categories, permissible switching frequency, mechanical and switching wear resistance .

Due to the fact that each electric motor has its own operating pattern, these parameters are selected individually for each model.

Application categories

The first thing you need to pay attention to when choosing is the application categories - the release modes.

An electric motor is a complex mechanism with starting current and intermittent switching on, during which it does not operate in normal mode.

In this case, the load on the network also differs from the nominal one, and the release mechanism must operate normally in non-standard conditions .

For alternating current, application categories are designated AC. They differ in the nature of operation:

• AC-1 – for electric motors with active or low-inductive loads;
• AC-2 – start with wound rotor, reverse braking;
• AC-3 – direct start of a squirrel-cage rotor, shutdown of rotating motors;
• AC-4 – starting and stopping electric motors with a squirrel-cage rotor by means of counter-connection. For this mode, paired (reversible) contactors with mechanical interlocking are used, which prevents the simultaneous start of several consumers. This reduces In and the base number of cycles.

For permanent, there are their own categories - DC:

• DC-1 (analogous to AC-1) – active or low-inductive load;
• DC-2 – start of electric motors with parallel excitation, shutdown at rated speed;
• DC-3 – start of motors with parallel excitation, shutdown when the rotor rotates slowly or when stationary;
• DC-4 – starting electric motors with sequential excitation and stopping at rated speed;
• DC-5 – starting motors with sequential excitation and stopping with a stationary or slowly rotating rotor, countercurrent braking.

Industrial electric motors with frequent starts must support category AC-3, AC-4 for alternating current, and DC-3, DC-4, DC-5 for direct current.

Rated current and supply voltage of the control coil

Rated current is the most significant parameter, selected according to the consumer’s power.

The main question: how to count correctly? When starting, any electric motor briefly produces power, often 5-7 times the rated power.

Thanks for the useful article.

Thanks for the tips on thermal relay and how to choose the right thermal relay for motor protection

Thank you for the information, concise and clear.

Good afternoon. I am the “happy” owner of a single-phase motor made in China. The nameplate indicates a capacity of 1.1 kW and a rated current of 9.7A. In reality, in my conditions, the current consumption is about 5A. In this case, the starting current briefly reaches 18A or more.

Question: what parameters of the starter and thermal relay are necessary in my case.

Hello, Evgeniy. The starting current is 3 times higher than the current in operating mode = therefore 18A at start-up is normal. Moreover, such a current flows for seconds (if the motor does not start in hard starting mode - i.e. under load). Thermal relays have inertia - so everything should work fine here.

Single-phase motor power P = U * I * cos f * Efficiency Substitute the data from the nameplate - you should get around 1100 W. If something turns out to be significantly different, it means something is wrong: either the motor or the nameplate or the calculator

If your motor is underloaded and close to idle, the no-load current will be 60 percent of the rated current. Maybe this explains your 5A.

If you decide to install a thermal relay, then set it to the rated current limits, i.e. at 9.7A after checking the formula first.

Another organizational question: If you work on your own equipment, it is unlikely that you will cause YOUR motor to overheat. We strongly recommend installing thermal protection if hired workers are used - the equipment is not theirs. Good luck!

Thank you very much for such a detailed answer.

What current should you focus on when selecting a contactor? Also at par? I’m worried whether currents of 18 amperes or more, even short-term ones, will damage such a contactor...

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Criterias of choice

The main criterion when choosing a specific model is that the rated load corresponds to the permissible range of the thermal relay itself. For normal operation of an electric machine, you need to operate at a 20 - 30% overload in no more than a 5 minute interval. The current value is calculated by the formula:

Iwork = 1.2*Inom

This means that the permissible control limit must include the resulting tripping current value. Then, check on the time-current characteristic (see Figure 8) for what period of time the protection will operate at this multiplicity:

Rice. 8. Time-current characteristic

In this case, the time will be equal to 4 minutes at 20% thermal excess, which fully satisfies the criteria of the task.

Choosing a thermal relay for a refrigerator

Thermal relays for refrigerators are divided into two main groups:

• electronic;
• mechanical.

The electronic model is more common. Its design assumes the presence of a semiconductor-type temperature sensor and a control unit. The electronic relay circuit is quite complex, but the advantage of such devices is the high accuracy of temperature determination and regulation of the operating modes of refrigeration equipment.

Mechanical relays are highly reliable and have a long service life. The advantages of such regulators include ease of replacement in case of malfunction. The device operates in accordance with the evaporator temperature, and the electronic device operates in accordance with the air temperature.

Connection diagram

The difficulty in connecting is not to confuse relays for different purposes, since some of them are designed to work in freezers, while others can only function at positive temperatures.

Each wire has its own purpose according to color coding:

• red, black or orange - relay connection to the compressor;
• brown - phase conductor connecting to the socket;
• green, yellow or white - to the refrigerator light bulb;
• green-yellow striped - grounding conductor.

Schematic diagram for connecting a thermal regulator of the TAM-125 brand for a refrigerator

Review of manufacturers

A large number of thermostat models are produced for refrigerators. An overview of the most popular of them is presented in the table.

Motor thermal relay. Characteristics and choice - blog SamElectric.ru

Thermal relay RTL for electric motor

The thermal relay serves for thermal protection of the electric motor. The relay protects the motor from phase imbalance or phase loss, from mechanical overload and rotor jamming.

The motor thermal relay, like the circuit breaker, has a time-current characteristic, which shows that the thermal relay cannot operate instantly if the set current is exceeded.

Read more about these characteristics here.

It is important that a thermal relay cannot save you from a short circuit - it simply will not have time. Therefore, a circuit breaker is always placed in the engine power circuit in front of the starter to protect against short circuits.

All modern “heaters” have one pair of normally open (NO, NO) contacts and one pair of normally closed (NC, NC). Typically, the contactor power supply circuit is constructed in such a way that when the thermal relay is triggered, the NC contacts break the power supply circuit of the contactor coil, and the NO contacts close and turn on the fault indication circuit.

Thermal protection of the electric motor consists in the fact that when the motor current passes through the power contacts of the thermal relay, a special bimetallic plate heats up, which activates the signal contacts. The contacts are low-current and are included in the starter control circuit.

When the relay is triggered, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the accident, then return the relay to its original state. To do this, there is a red reset button on the case, on which the letter R (Reset) is printed. On some models, returns are processed automatically.

Thermal relay RTL. Contacts for mechanical and electrical fixation in the starter

As a rule, the thermal relay is attached directly to the output contacts of the starter. And it cannot be used without a starter. Accordingly, the thermal relay is connected in series with the motor.

For different starter options, it is necessary to move the leads (contacts) of the thermal relay for proper fixation.

The photo shows (on the left) how it is recommended to move the legs for different starters.

Such thermal relays can only be used for Soviet-developed contactors of the PML type; RTL thermal relays may not be suitable for other manufacturers.

Selecting a thermal relay based on engine power

The thermal relay has one main parameter, indicating the current at which the relay will turn off the electric motor. Below is a table for choosing a thermal relay for electric motors.

Common brands of thermal relays are RTL and RTI, which are identical in parameters and differ mainly in mounting and design.

There is a sign on the Internet for choosing a motor thermal relay based on power, which lists in detail the parameters of the RTL series thermal relays. It is worth mentioning the error - in the second line below, instead of “RTL-YOOOM” you should read “RTL-1000M”. Someone recognized thoughtlessly.

• Selection of a thermal relay / Selection of an electrothermal relay - table of parameters, pdf, 34.01 kB, downloaded: 5848 times./

And also a photo of an old car, photos of new ones are easy to find on the Internet.

Such a thermal relay is installed on the PME starter.

Details about the connection diagram of a thermal body and the connection diagram of a starter to a three-phase motor are described in my other article. I recommend.

Books on electric motors

• V.L. Likhachev. Asynchronous electric motors. 2002 / The book is a reference book that describes in detail the design, operating principle and characteristics of asynchronous electric motors. Reference data is provided for engines of previous years of production and modern ones. Electronic starting devices (inverters), electric drives are described., djvu, 3.73 MB, downloaded: 7135 times./

• Bespalov, Kotelenets - Electrical machines / Transformers and electrical machines used in modern technology are considered. Their decisive role in the generation, distribution, conversion and utilization of electrical energy is shown. The basic theory, characteristics, operating modes, examples of designs and applications of electrical generators, transformers and motors are given., pdf, 16.82 MB, downloaded: 2317 times./

• Electromash motor catalog / Asynchronous electric motors with squirrel-cage rotor - manufacturer’s catalog, pdf, 3.13 MB, downloaded: 1376 times./

• VEMZ engines catalog / Engine parameters and catalogue, pdf, 3.53 MB, downloaded: 1181 times./

• Dyakov V.I. Typical calculations for electrical equipment / Practical calculations for electrical equipment, theoretical information, calculation methods, examples and reference data., zip, 1.53 MB, downloaded: 2514 times./

• Karpov F.F. How to check the possibility of connecting several motors to the electrical network / The brochure shows the calculation of the electrical network for voltage fluctuations during the start-up and self-starting of asynchronous motors with squirrel-cage rotor and synchronous motors with asynchronous starting. The conditions under which starting and self-starting of engines are permissible are considered. The presentation of calculation methods is illustrated with numerical examples. The brochure is intended for qualified electricians as a guide when choosing the type of electric motors connected to a municipal or industrial power supply network., zip, 1.9 MB, downloaded: 1640 times./

• Operating manual for asynchronous motors / This manual contains the most important instructions for transportation, acceptance, storage, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and troubleshooting for electric motors produced by Elektromashina. The operating manual is intended for three-phase asynchronous electric motors of low and high voltage series A, AIR, MTN, MTKN, 4MTM, 4MTKM, DA304, A4., pdf, 7.54 MB, downloaded: 2540 times./

• Thermal relay selection table. / Selecting a thermal relay., pdf, 34.01 kB, downloaded: 4090 times./

• Inozemtsev E.K. Repair of asynchronous electric motors / Inozemtsev E.K. Repair of asynchronous electric motors of power plants. The design and technical characteristics of asynchronous electric motors of the A and AO series are considered. A2, A02,4A, AI, 5A, 6A, A, KA, ADA, DAN, AN, AD, 2 AS VO, 4MTN, A2K, A2KP, DASK, VRA, AVR, AVRM, 2VRM, ZVRM, VRPV, AIUV, VRFV, AVT. The technology for repairing electric motors and their components, disassembly and assembly work is outlined. Devices for performing work are provided taking into account advanced repair methods and technologies. The issues of drying electric motors, as well as electrical testing and measuring windings are considered., djvu, 1.84 MB, downloaded: 713 times./

• Toroptsev N. D. Three-phase asynchronous motor in a single-phase circuit with a capacitor / Toroptsev N. D. Three-phase asynchronous motor in a single-phase circuit with a capacitor. 2000 - 72 s; ill. [Library of electrical engineering, supplement to the magazine "Energetik", Vol. 7(19)]. The features of using a three-phase asynchronous motor as a capacitor motor, as well as various switching schemes, are considered. Simple relationships are given to determine the working capacitance of the capacitor. The main technical data of three-phase asynchronous motors of the KA and 4A series (for agricultural purposes), as well as capacitors of various types are given., djvu, 1.84 MB, downloaded: 873 times./

• Starting and protection of AC motors / Starting and protection of AC motors. Starting and braking systems for AC motors. Protection devices and fault analysis of AC motors. Guide to selecting protection devices. Manual from Schneider Electric, pdf, 1.17 MB, downloaded: 2042 times./

How to connect a thermal relay

The closed contact (normal connected), which is used to connect the thermal module to the magnetic starter, is designated NC or NC, which stands for normally closed. The letter combination NO denotes a normally open contact.

In a simple circuit, it is used to provide a signal indicating that the engine protection has tripped due to exceeding the threshold temperature.

When implemented in complex control circuits, it is capable of generating an emergency signal to deactivate the conveyor.

The thermal relay is placed behind the contactors, but in front of the electric motor. The connection of the normal connectde contact to the “Stop” button on the control panel is carried out according to a sequential circuit (+)

The designation of contactor terminals is dictated by GOST: normally closed - 95-96, normally open - 97-98. A starter is connected to the first pair, the second is used for signaling circuits. Since the motor and thermal relay need to be protected from short circuits, the circuit must contain a circuit breaker.

The device circuit includes “Test” and “Stop” or “Reset” buttons. The first one is used to check the functionality, and the second one is used to manually disable the protection.

Using the rotary cocking switch, after turning on the protection, the electric motor is restarted. The glass cover of the product is marked and sealed.

Based on the type of connection, two large groups of thermal relays can be distinguished:

• the first group - devices mounted behind the magnetic starter and those connected using jumpers;
• the second group is devices installed directly on the starter contactor.

In the latter case, during startup, the main load falls on the contactor. Here the thermal module is equipped with copper contacts connected directly to the starter inputs.

Thermal relay diagram. Designations of control elements and outputs are marked on it. These designations may differ for different models (+)

Wires from the engine are connected to the TP. The relay itself in such a circuit represents an intermediate unit that analyzes the current flowing in transit to the motor from the magnetic starter.

Relay adjustment methods

Step one is to determine the thermal relay setting:

N1 = (In – Ine)/cIne

where In is the rated load current of the electric motor, Ine is the rated current of the heating element of the thermal relay, c is the scale division factor (for example, c = 0.05).

Step two is to introduce a correction for ambient temperature:

N2 = (T – 30)/10

where T is the ambient temperature, °C.

Step three:

N = N1 + N2

Step four is to set the regulator to the required number of divisions N.

Temperature correction is applied if the ambient temperature is too high or low. If the temperature in the room where the relay is installed is significantly affected by the outside temperature, then the correction should be made in winter and summer.

Selecting a thermostat for heated floors

For normal operation of heated floors, the installation of a thermal relay is required - a thermostat, with which you can significantly reduce heating costs. The device here is required only to turn heating on and off in a certain time period or after a signal from the thermometer is given.

When choosing a thermostat, first of all you should take into account its power, which should be identical to the power of the warm field.

Also, for certain types of heated floors, it is necessary to select the type of thermal relay, divided into several groups:

• devices designed only to provide an economical mode, allowing to reduce energy consumption;
• devices with an adjustable timer, with the help of which time periods are set during which the room will be heated with a certain intensity;
• devices that can be programmed for complex operating regulations, alternating periods of operation in economical mode and maximum heating;
• a relay that has a built-in limiter that prevents excessive heating of the floor covering and the heating element.

The selection of a thermostat for a specific room is carried out depending on its area. For a small room, an ordinary device without complex settings and programming is more suitable. Installation of more complex devices is necessary for spacious rooms. In such rooms, electronic relays are most often installed, equipped with temperature sensors installed in the thickness of the floor.

Purpose

I would immediately like to say that there are different types and types of thermal relays and, accordingly, the scope of application of each classification has its own. Let's briefly talk about the purpose of the main types of devices.

RTL - three-phase, designed to protect the electric motor from overloads, phase imbalance, delayed start-up or rotor jamming. PML starters are attached to the contacts or as an independent device with KRL terminals.

PTT - three phases, designed to protect short-circuited motors from overload currents, phase imbalance, jamming of the motor rotor, delayed starting of the mechanism. It can be mounted on PMA and PME starters, as well as independently installed on the panel.

RTI - protect the electric motor from overload, phase asymmetry, long start-up and machine jamming. Three-phase thermal relay, mounted on starters of the KMT and KMI series.

TRN is a two-phase relay, controls the operating and starting mode, has only manual contact reset, the operation of the device depends little on the ambient temperature.

Solid-state three-phase relays have no moving parts, do not depend on the state of the environment, and are used in explosive areas. Monitors load current, acceleration, phase failure, and mechanism jamming.

RTK - temperature control occurs with a probe located in the electrical installation housing. It is a thermal relay and controls only one parameter.

RTE - alloy melting relay, the electrically conductive conductor is made of a metal alloy, at a certain temperature it melts and mechanically breaks the circuit. This thermal relay is built directly into the controlled device.

As can be seen from our article, there is a wide variety of monitoring the condition of electrical installations, differing in type and appearance, but equally protecting electrical equipment. This is all I wanted to tell you about the device, principle of operation and purpose of thermal relays. We hope the information was useful and interesting for you!

It will be interesting to read:

• How does a magnetic starter work?
• How to choose a thermal relay
• What is IP protection degree
• What types of time relays are there?

Existing device types

The class of thermal relays includes several types: TRN, RTL, TRP, RTI, RTT. The use of each is determined by the design features.

A two-phase current relay (TRN) is used mainly for electrical protection of asynchronous motors with a squirrel-cage rotor. As a rule, they operate from a network with a rating of up to 500 V, a frequency of 50 Hz.

The relay is equipped with a manual contact control mechanism. The dimensions of the TRN make it possible to integrate them into complete devices of both closed and open type stations that coordinate the operation of drives. They do not perform the function of short circuit protection and need it themselves.

TRP relays have a vibration-resistant mechanism and a shock-resistant housing. Designed to protect asynchronous three-phase motors operating under conditions of heavy mechanical loads.

They are designed for a maximum current of 600 A and a maximum voltage of 500 V, and in circuits with direct current - 440 V. The automation is insensitive to external temperature and operates when the indicator exceeds 200°C.

RTL devices are three-phase, in addition to protecting the motor from overloads, they protect the rotor from jamming. They insure it against damage in the event of phase imbalance during a prolonged start-up.

They work autonomously with KRL terminal blocks and in a modification with a PML magnetic starter. Current operating range - from 0.10 to 86 A.

Contactor paired with thermal relay. When the device is triggered, the normally closed and normally open contacts change their positions synchronously

PTT - the device protects asynchronous motors from current surges, phase imbalance, jamming and other emergency situations. It is used both as a stand-alone device and as an integral part of PMA and PME starters.

The three-phase RTI product is equipped with the same functions as the previous one, but is used in a modification with KTM and KMI starters.

Short circuits and overload protection

The simplest short circuit protection contains only fuses. They are used in the engine power range up to 100 kW. However, when using them, not all three fuses may blow. Therefore, the engine may artificially end up with one or two phase windings disconnected. Depending on the purpose of the electric drive, there are different criteria for selecting fuses.

If the drive has a fan-type load, which is characterized by easy starting, the rated current of the fuse link is selected to be at least 40% of the starting current. This criterion is applicable for metal-cutting machines, fans, pumps, etc. in which the transition process lasts from two to five seconds. If the transient time is longer, from ten to twenty seconds, the rated current of the fuse-link must be at least 50% of the starting current. This criterion is applicable for drives with a shaft braked by a load. These include crushers, centrifuges, and ball mills.

If there is a group of several electric motors, fuses are placed on each of them and on the distribution board. A fuse with a rated current equal to the sum of the rated currents of the fuses of all motors is installed on it in each phase. If the magnitude of the starting current is not known, and the power P of the asynchronous motor is less than 100 kW, you can select the approximate value of the rated current I of the fuse in this way:

For more accurate operation and for the entire power range of asynchronous motors, protection circuits with relays are used. Such circuits make it possible to take into account the starting and braking currents and not react to them. When the relay is triggered, the magnetic starter is turned off and the engine is de-energized. These so-called “maximum” relays, depending on the design, have a coil designed for currents from tenths of an Ampere to hundreds of Amperes, as well as contacts that turn off the current in the magnetic starter coil.

The error of their operation usually does not exceed ten percent. Returning to its original state is most often done manually. A typical protection circuit is shown in the image. RM – designation of maximum relays, L – designation of magnetic starter.

Maximum relays are also used for overload protection. But at the same time, a time relay is introduced into the circuit, which allows you to configure it without taking into account the starting currents.