Electrical panels. types and purpose. installation and features

VRU, ShchO, ShchE - these and many other designations (abbreviations) found on electrical panels can hardly explain anything to the average consumer. But those who are just starting their journey in the complex but interesting electrical industry need to know the purposes and designations of the main types of switchboards.

It is logical to start an educational program on electrical panels with the panel that is highest in the hierarchy of electricity distribution.

No. 7. Number of modules in the distribution panel

The fundamental difference between all panels is the number of modules.
Some people mistakenly believe that their number should be a multiple of 12, but this is not always the case: panels designed for 16 and 18 modules are used, there are even compact models in which the number of modules does not exceed 10. To determine how many modules are needed in your case, to begin with, it is best to draw up an electrical wiring diagram indicating all points of consumption, this includes sockets, lighting fixtures, and separate electrical appliances that consume a lot of energy (air conditioner, washing machine, boiler). Next, the groups are defined. For lighting wiring, circuit breakers with a current of 10 A are used, for socket wiring - 16 A. As switching and protective devices, you can use not only circuit breakers, but also RCDs, or replace these two devices with a differential circuit breaker. The number of RCDs, automatic devices and automatic devices must be known to correctly select the number of modules. It is also worth considering the presence of a counter and its size.

The width of one module is 18 mm, it is equal to the width of a single-pole switch. To connect a two-pole circuit breaker you will need 2 modules, a three-phase circuit breaker - 3, a single-phase RCD - 3, a three-phase RCD - 5, an electric meter - from 6 to 8 depending on its size (the width of the device can simply be divided by 18 mm).

For an apartment, in some cases, a shield for 12-16 modules is sufficient. If the meter is located in the panel, you will have to take a device with 16-24 modules. A large private house may require a shield for more than 24 modules. In large cottages, two panels are sometimes installed, since due to the large length of the wiring, in the event of an accident, one may not always work promptly, or may not work at all.

In addition, the panel may contain surge protection devices, photo relays or automatic light switches. If you are not sure that you can make the right choice of switchboard, then it is better to trust the specialists. Help will most likely be needed when assembling, installing the switchboard and connecting all groups of electrical appliances to it - it’s better not to joke with electricity.

Leather shields

Oval leather shield

Even after wood and metal became the main materials for making shields, good old leather continued to be used in their construction. Strengthening the wooden base with one or more layers of leather significantly increased the strength of the product. Especially if wet rawhide was put on the shield. In this case, when drying, it tightly pulled the parts together.

Another advantage of the leather shell was the increase in "viscosity" of the shield. If it was pierced, the skin would clamp the enemy weapon. Even bolts from powerful crossbows got stuck in the shields - the tip could not drag the shaft along with it.

As close combat began to play an increasingly important role, the demands on shields increased. The leather, springy on a flexible basis, resisted projectiles well, but did not withstand the blows of crushing and chopping weapons.

At what exact moment the first rigid shields on a wooden base appeared is unknown, but in Egypt a significant part of the infantry was armed with them back in the era of the Old Kingdom. The Egyptians reinforced their shields with a covering not of leather, but of skins with the fur on the outside. Thanks to this, blows from clubs—the main melee weapon in Egypt at that time—slipped off the surface of the shield.

The shields of the Egyptians were not round, but later this shape prevailed. The protrusion-less contours made the shield easier to carry and ensured that it would not snag on other equipment in battle. The round shield least of all impaired the view and did not prevent the warrior from striking.

Hoplites with round shields

With the advent of the Iron Age, shields began to be reinforced with metal elements. Sometimes the outer surface of the shield was strengthened by two intersecting narrow strips of steel. But more often the edges of the shield were bound with an iron rim. The metal not only tightened the wooden parts, but also increased the likelihood that enemy swords would break when struck against the edge.

Another metal part, often present even in cases where the shield did not have an iron edging, was the umbon - a massive hemispherical protrusion in the middle. It also posed a threat to enemy blades, but was more intended to protect the hand.

British bronze shield with umbon

Round shields - in medieval Europe they were called “Frankish” - were usually equipped with umbons and bound along the edge with iron. Weighing about 3 kilograms, their sizes could vary. Some were flat wooden disks about a meter in diameter, others, most common in the Middle East, had a convex shape with half the diameter and were completely bound with copper or iron.

After the transition to combat tactics in dense formations, the role of shields increased so much that they turned from auxiliary weapons into the main ones. In the cramped phalanx, the warrior had nowhere to escape from enemy spears. Without a shield he was doomed. It was impossible to fall on the enemy’s ranks bristling with iron even with an iron-clad chest. But the shield could not so much be pierced as pressed through by the tips. It was possible to implement the tactics of a clash of phalanxes only by placing a truly insurmountable barrier between the warrior and the enemy spearheads.

The phalanx in the film “300 Spartans” is shown almost correctly (until the heroes suddenly break the formation)

In order for a hoplite shield to be passed on as a family heirloom from generation to generation, its surface had to be completely covered with copper, bronze or iron. A layer of metal 1.5-2 millimeters thick increased the weight of an oval shield measuring 60 by 90 centimeters to 7 kilograms. And since the height of the shield still turned out to be insufficient, an “apron” was often attached to it from below - a leather canopy that protected the warrior’s knees from throwing projectiles.

Another characteristic feature of Greek shields was the semicircular recesses on the sides, necessary to ensure that the spear shafts were not pinched by the edges of the “portable trenches”. The spears of the first row of fighters passed through the loopholes formed by the recesses in the shield wall, and the second and third rows held their weapons in a raised hand and struck from above.

Build like a turtle (reconstruction)

Naturally, the value of the shield could be increased by increasing its area, giving it a convex - “encompassing” - shape and rectangular outlines, allowing soldiers to close their shields so that the entire unit turned into an almost invulnerable redoubt - a “turtle” (testudo). When creating their famous scutum , the Romans did not miss any of these opportunities. True, the price for perfection was enormous weight. Despite the fact that the metal covering was replaced by multi-layered wood, the weight of the Roman shield exceeded 10 kilograms.

Automation panel (ASB)

This device will be responsible for monitoring complex systems. All elements here will be managed automatically.

Automation mounting panel

The automation panel can be equipped with many sensors and controllers that will monitor various indicators. Based on these indicators, the device can independently turn off and turn on individual systems. The device can be used for a variety of tasks. In this case, in each individual case, various models of shields can be used. For example, if you use a boiler for a boiler, it can also be used for a ventilation system.

Story

Official release of Java Edition
1.9		15w33c			Shields have been added to the game.
					The original recipe included 16 colors of wool:
		15w34c			When blocking with a shield, the attacker may be knocked back.
					When attacked with an axe, the shield will not reflect attacks for 5 seconds.
		15w37a			The shield crafting recipe has been changed:
					The result is a simple wooden shield, which can then be combined with any flag.
					Cooldown reduced from 0.5 to 0.25 seconds.
					Shields reflect any collateral damage.
					Shields deflect arrows.
		15w45a			Now, when connected to a shield, the flag disappears.
		15w47b			Added blocking sounds for shields.
		16w07a			Added more sound variations for shields.
		1.9-pre1			Shields now have 337 durability, down from 181.
1.11		16w33a			When crafting a shield with a flag, the durability no longer changes and the enchantment no longer disappears.
		16w35a			The shield now blocks 100% of melee damage.
1.13		17w47a			The numeric ID of the item became 442.
Official release of Bedrock Edition
1.10		beta 1.10.0.3			Shields have been added to the game.
					Shield protection is activated by crouching
1.11		beta 1.11.0.4			Shields periodically appear for sale at the armorer
PlayStation 4 Edition
1.90					Shields have been added to the game.
					Shield protection is activated by crouching

Group and tree layout

The following two types of arrangement of devices inside the switchboard make the operation and maintenance of the switchboard more convenient.

I discussed them in detail in the video, which you can watch below.

The three options for switchboard layout considered are used both individually and in combination. They allow you to logically organize devices inside the switchboard and are easy to maintain and operate by unqualified personnel - owners of apartments and houses.

Distribution board. Internal layout of devices during assembly

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Mounting options

An important classification feature is the location of the switchboard. Based on the installation method, it can be:

1. External (overhead). This is the most common model, optimally suited for laying hidden and outdoor electrical wiring in wooden premises (houses, bathhouses). It is made of plastic or metal, has considerable dimensions, and therefore requires a certain space for installation.
2. Built-in. It is mounted flush with the wall, does not stick out, and therefore has a more aesthetic appearance. The flange on the front side of the device makes the technological joint invisible. It is used in cases where the number of modules on the panel significantly exceeds the number of outlet lines.

Another option for installing a distribution panel - floor-mounted - is used extremely rarely in everyday life. The reason for this rare use is the very large size of the device, which makes it inconvenient to use at home. More suitable for industrial plants with high current loads.

Regardless of the installation method, the place where the electrical panel will be located must meet established standards. It should be well lit (preferably with natural light) and ventilated. The location of flammable and explosive substances near the device is unacceptable. Specialists servicing the electrical panel must have easy access to it at all times. Compliance with these requirements guarantees the safe and efficient operation of distribution equipment.

Plastic shields

There is a wide range of these products available on the market today.

Plastic panels can be mounted both indoors and outdoors, and thanks to their excellent functionality, assembly takes much less time and installation becomes easier.

Peculiarities

• The outer surface of the shield remains smooth, the cable is routed on the inside.
• The screws are plastic and can be quickly tightened.
• The door is designed in such a way that it is possible to install a lock on it, which provides additional protection.
• Protection of terminals from unnecessary touches.
• The back side of the shield is equipped with markings for mounting holes, which contributes to the accuracy and precision of assembly.

No. 1. Why do you need a distribution board?

Electrical installation work in apartments, offices, garages and production facilities is not complete without installing a distribution board. Why is it needed, because previously many were content with distribution boxes alone? It's all about convenience and safety. If you continue to use only distribution boxes, then, for example, when replacing an outlet you will have to de-energize the entire apartment, and when connecting some powerful electrical appliances you will have to equip them with their own protective devices, and they also need space.

Installing distribution boards prevents the risk of electrical appliances burning out. Thanks to the shield, electricity is distributed evenly across all channels, eliminating excessive current flow through one of them

This device is especially important for large premises where huge loads occur, and for residential buildings, distribution boards are also necessary, given how many electrical appliances people use at home today

The distribution board is triggered not only when excessive voltage occurs, but also saves a person from electric shock.

Where it occurs[edit]

Literature[edit]

• Icelandic “Saga of Grettir son of Asmund”, approximately 14th century, author unknown. A peculiar option when the shield played a disservice to its owner, being used as a weapon against him. The berserker robber Snekkol exposed himself - firstly, his helmet was not fastened (this is emphasized separately), and secondly, he, showing off his ferocity, began to bite the edge of his shield. Grettir, without hesitation, rushed forward and kicked this shield in the lower part so that the robber’s jaw literally dropped, all that remained was to finish it off.
• A similar technique is shown in Semyonova’s “Wolfhound”. The title character managed to kick the robber's own shield into the robber's mouth, although this robber did not have fun biting shields. There was no need to finish him off - apparently, the blow broke the villain’s back.
• “Game of Thrones” - Ser Vardis, in a duel against the mercenary Bronn, struck him in the face with the edge of his shield, almost knocking him down. However, this was his last successful blow - despite the knocked out tooth, the mercenary still turned out to be faster.
• G. L. Oldie, “Heroes’ Asylum” - in the collection of armor and weapons adorning the walls of that very establishment called “Heroes’ Asylum” there is a hefty metal shield, the lower edge of which is curved forward and sharpened like a saw to hit the enemy’s legs . True, Ernest Riverdale, an expert in weapons and combat techniques, characterizes this shield: “A delightfully stupid design.” And it’s true: any experienced fighter will kick this “step” with force, and the shield-bearer will receive either the lower edge in the legs, or the upper edge in the teeth. And for a soldier in armor with greaves, such a shield is just a reason to think: “What even happened?!”
• “Spartacus” by Rafaelo Giovagnoli - at the beginning of the book, the title character, a gladiator, at the end of the fight, stuns his opponent with a blow to the head from his shield. And for the most humane purposes - he doesn’t want to kill.

Cinema[edit]

• “Mortal Kombat” - when Scorpio decided to carry out a fatality ahead of time and began to blaze with fire, Johnny Cage very conveniently picked up a shield lying nearby and blew off half the skull of the evil dead man. This shield, which resembles a circular saw blade, was clearly designed for such use.
• "Troy". In a duel with Hector, Achilles swings his shield so aggressively, as if he were trying to cut off his opponent’s head with its flat surface.
• "The Lord of the Rings" - at the end of the first film, the main Urukkhai threw a shield at Aragorn, apparently intending to behead him. It turned out, however, only to immobilize him for a short time - by a lucky chance, Aragorn’s neck met not with the sharp edge of the shield, but with a notch. In the second film, Legolas uses a similar shield, first as a skateboard and then as a throwing weapon.

“300 Spartans” - the actions of the phalanx are demonstrated when a blow with a shield alternates with a blow with a spear. Later, in a general melee, the characters hit each other with both the flat and the edge of the shield, and the throwing of the shield was demonstrated - although “for good measure”, it was effective.

“Prince Caspian” - at the beginning of the duel with Peter, Miraz heartily treats him with a blow to the visor with the flat of his shield, and in the end he even tries to fight with only one shield.

TV series[edit]

• “Grimm” - in episodes 1-12, being forced to participate in underground gladiator fights, in a fight with the shredders (human crocodiles), both Nick and Monroe use shields. Especially the last one, who was given nothing but a shield.
• “Game of Thrones”: Tyrion Lannister, having no other weapon, beat his first enemy to death with the sharp edge of a teardrop-shaped shield (in the book, where Tyrion wields mainly an axe, this scene did not happen).
• "Rome". The use of shields by legionnaires in the ranks was demonstrated in all its glory at the beginning of the first episode. And in the arena, Titus Pullo, with a shield picked up from the ground, finishes off the gladiator who had angered him (obviously, the shield was specially sharpened, like a guillotine knife - he completely cut off his head with one blow).

Cartoons[edit]

• "Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych." Dobrynya appeared in the enemy camp, armed with two shields. First, he used them as a glider to fly over the wall, then he beat the entire horde with them, and in the end, with targeted throwing of shields, he destroyed the log structure on which the khan’s tent stood. By the way, shortly before that, Elisha, trying to wake up Dobrynya, who was sleeping in a heroic sleep, among other things, vainly beats him with a shield.

Animated series[edit]

• RWBY - Pyrrha Nikos, whose Semblance allows her to manipulate metal, actively uses her titular shield Rumor in battle for both defense and offense, throwing it like an overgrown boomerang in the manner of Captain America. At first, Jean Arc used his folding shield-sheath only for its intended purpose, but during his adventures on the eastern continent he upgraded it and got the opportunity to use it... as an extension attachment on a sword (the metal for the new thing, according to thick hints, was the aforementioned Rumor of the deceased Pyrrha
  ), and upon his arrival on the northern continent, he acquired a natural gravity gun built into the shield and can now attract and throw away enemies.

Comics[edit]

• Captain America is armed with an indestructible and at the same time lightweight shield made of an alloy of steel and the wonderful material vibranium. With this weapon you can not only fight hand-to-hand, but also throw it like a boomerang, including hitting multiple targets.

Anime, manga, light novel[edit]

• Berserk - The giant Apostle Grunbeld puts the pedal to the metal: his shield is equipped with retractable blades and a built-in cannon and, on occasion, can be a weapon no less dangerous than his famous hammer.
• “The Rising of the Shield Hero” - in fact, this is what the light novel is all about. The main character received a shield as a legendary weapon, and according to the rules of this world, he cannot use any other weapon. But of all the legendary items, the shield is perhaps the most useful, thanks to the many branches of development.

Video games[edit]

• Aion - Shieldmen have several shield attacks in their technique.
• Call of Duty: Modern Warfare - with a police or assault shield you can not only protect yourself from bullets and explosions, but also hit, and the damage from it is noticeable.
• Darkness Survival - if the heroine has a shield equipped, then with a certain chance she will have a combo of an attack with a conventional weapon and a shield. For highly critical classes (primarily the thief), a blow with a shield can be more deadly than with a weapon.
• Dark Souls - not only almost all enemy knights can move a shield in the face, but also the player himself: for large shields this is a basic ability, and some copies (of different sizes) are specially equipped for such techniques - equipped with spikes or can cast magic. There are even a couple of sets of twin large shields (one each in the second and third parts), which can be used to crush the enemy like giant vertical jaws.
• Destiny 2 - the Titan subclass "Defender" uses the shield as a weapon with its skills. The arsenal includes many attacks with this shield and shield throw, in addition, the same shield will reliably protect the Defender from shots.
• Diablo - the paladin's "Shield Bash" move in the second game, which stuns the enemy and deals damage (especially for this purpose, each type of shield has a damage value that is not used anywhere else).
• Diablo III - in the third part, the crusader has a similar branch of skills, and one of the techniques includes breaking the shield into fragments, which fly apart and injure enemies.
• Divinity: Original Sin 2 - the “Ricocheting Shield” ability from the Military skill tree allows you to throw a shield at an enemy. Damage is calculated based on the armor of the shield, and the shield itself can bounce at another enemy if he is five meters from the target.
• Don't Starve Together - in November 2022, during a crossover with Terraria, not only several new bosses from there were added to the game, but also a Shield of Terror falling from one of them, which works both as armor (protects from damage) and a weapon - located On it, the toothy mouth bites enemies quite painfully. However, not only enemies - the shield can be fed with any food to restore its strength.
• Dragon Age - Warrior class ability, strikes and pushes with a shield, causing damage, stunning and/or knocking down.
• Dwarf Fortress - warriors in fortress mode are not averse to hitting the enemy with a shield if they have sufficiently developed skill in using improvised objects as weapons, and in adventure mode no one forbids the player to fight only with shields.
• Grim Dawn - if the player chooses the Oathkeeper class for the character, he will be able to use the shield as a weapon. Many of the skills of this class are tied specifically to the shield.
• Hades - shield of Aegis. It has three types of attacks - a simple melee strike, a dash forward with a strong blow and a throw, after which the shield returns to the owner like a boomerang. Like other weapons in the game, it has 4 aspects, each of which changes the types of attacks and/or gives them certain bonuses. The only weapon in the game that can block all frontal damage (only while charging its heavy attack). Favorite weapon of speedrunners: the initial damage is not very high, but fast attacks and excellent mobility allow you to deal with groups of enemies extremely quickly in any situation.
• King's Bounty (remake) - before the release of Warrior of the North, the barbarian had the ability to hit with a shield from a run; after the release, some Viking units received this ability
• Lineage II - the standard skill of all knights in the game is a shield strike. It doesn't do damage, but it does stun, and stun is a very valuable thing in this game.
• Might and Magic IX is a shield skill at the Grandmaster level, allowing you to use it as a weapon. Game-mechanically, this is expressed in the fact that the shield gives an increase not only to defense, but also to attack.
• Path of Exile - There is a skill stone that allows you to strike with a shield, wounding, stunning and knocking back the enemy.
• Prototype - Alex Mercer, when running with an activated shield arm, simply demolishes everything in his path that is not a permanent structure: people, cars, lampposts, trees, and even, albeit with difficulty, tanks (without a shield, he pushes people away, but everything else jumps over).
• Prototype 2 - in the sequel, the mutant Goliaths created by Alex use the arm-shield in the same manner, and the new protagonist, Heller, grows two shields at once, with which he becomes motionless, but also invulnerable, and can counterattack with the spikes growing on them.
• Skyrim - with a leveled-up Blocking skill, any shield can be used as a ramming weapon. But there is a unique shield “Tarch of Bloodlust”, which deals additional damage when used in this way.
• Soul Calibur - Sophitia Alexandra and her younger sister Cassandra use a short sword and a small round shield in battle, with which, in some techniques and combinations, they strike the enemy.

Board games[edit]

• Dungeons & Dragons. There is the ability to strike with a shield and special shields to make this strike more painful - with spikes, horns, blades and the like, as well as specially enchanted to increase efficiency.
• 7th Sea - among the local fencers, buckler shields are very common, with which you can not only defend yourself, but also fight back (as, in fact, it was in reality).

Real life[edit]

• They probably learned to crowd enemies with shields back when they thought of taking large shields and lining up in a line. The enemy was pushed back with a shield to make him lose his balance and be distracted, after which he attacked with the main weapon. The Egyptians also used similar tactics. Now it has been adopted by police units involved in dispersing crowds during street riots, prison guards, etc.
• The Roman legionnaires had an insidious technique - hitting the enemy in the legs with a scutum. In the Mediterranean at that time they didn’t wear sabatons; they fought in sandals, so you can imagine how the enemy felt after such an armored door was dropped on his slippers.
• Advice on using a shield in a duel, including how to use it as a weapon, is given in various ancient fencing manuals. Nowadays, these books serve as an aid to reenactors and participants in historical fencing competitions[1]. Because of this, debates about whether it is permissible to use a shield as a weapon in tournaments seem to be eternal - due to the fact that now killing and maiming each other in a duel or in a general fight is not only not required, but is also directly prohibited .
• Most shields have a umbon - a metal plaque in the center, intended for additional protection of the hand holding the shield, which is located in this place on the other side of the shield. The umbon itself is quite massive, so it’s very expensive to try to hit your opponent with it. To increase the effectiveness of this technique, the umbon was often given a pointed shape or some kind of spike was attached to it. The spike is very useful in one-on-one combat, but in the ranks there is a risk of hitting your own people with this spike.
• With a fencing buckler shield, due to its small size (20-40 cm), it turned out to be convenient not only to parry an enemy sword, but also to hit like with brass knuckles. Therefore, bucklers were often made with spikes, blades (optionally retractable) or simply with a pointed edge. Such a small shield was used by those who were unable to carry a large one with them - from pikemen, for whom a large shield would only hinder them in the ranks, to those who simply liked to fight duels.
• Subsequently, the idea of ​​a shield-weapon evolved into such a device as a rondash - a shield attached to a plate glove, along with which it was worn on the hand. Blades were often attached to the shield and glove, teeth were made on the edge of the shield to capture an enemy blade, and there was also a mount for a sword and even a place for a lantern that could be illuminated through a special hole.
• The Armory Chamber houses a design vaguely similar to a rondache called “tarch”, known in a single copy -

  
  . Scientists suggest that this was some kind of experimental model that was not widely used (or not used at all) and, perhaps, was designed for use in the defense of a fortress - it would have been difficult to operate such a thing on the battlefield.

Main function

All protective and distribution electrical equipment is usually placed in special panels. Previously, their role was played by distribution boxes, but their use was not always convenient. For example, when repairing and installing a regular outlet, it was necessary to turn off the electricity in the entire house, and when installing powerful appliances, they had to be equipped with additional protective devices that had to be placed somewhere.

With the help of an electrical panel, it was possible to get rid of such inconveniences, as well as minimize the risk of burning electrical equipment. Thanks to the design features of the device, the energy passing through it does not flow in excess through one of the channels, but is evenly distributed over all

This scheme is of particular importance for residential buildings where a large number of household electrical devices are used.

Control cabinet (CC)

The control room is used to control the automation of such systems as lighting, ventilation, fire alarms, heating and others. The parameters are set manually, and the state of the circuit and its individual elements is informatively displayed for personnel using light indicators.

The electrical panels and cabinets discussed in the article are the most common, but this is not a complete list of all existing electrical panels. There are shields that can be used to solve more specific problems, but this is not of great interest to a wide range of readers.

What is an electrical panel?

This is a steel or plastic box in which equipment for inputting, accounting for quantity and distributing electrical energy consumption among sources is mounted. This is a necessary and mandatory attribute of the energy network. Another function of the metering and distribution board (MAB) is to protect operating personnel and equipment, as well as ensure safety from:

• threats of electric shock;
• fire caused by ignition of wires;
• short circuit in the electrical circuit.

What does an electrical panel consist of?

The device kit consists of standardized instruments, fastening devices and other parts. The electrical distribution panel consists of:

• mounting base (back wall of the panel);
• casing with lid (easily installed on the base);
• DIN rails (equipment is mounted on them);
• upper and lower insulators for zero busbars;
• input load switch;
• electricity meter;
• voltage relay;
• automatic circuit breaker (RCD);
• differential switch;
• blue (cyan) neutral wire;
• yellow-green protective ground wire;
• power phase wires (any other color);
• sockets

Voting for the best electrical distribution panel

Which electrical distribution panel would you choose or recommend?

Distribution board IEK MKM14-N-72-31-Z

7.41 % ( 2 )

Switchboard ABB 1SPE007717F9994

29.63 % ( 8 )

Accounting and distribution board IEK MKM25-N-12-31-ZO

3.70 % ( 1 )

Distribution board ERA Simple ShchRV-P-8

7.41 % ( 2 )

Switchboard ABB 1SLM004101A2203

3.70 % ( 1 )

Switchboard Legrand 601974

3.70 % ( 1 )

Distribution board IEK ShchRN-12z-1

7.41 % ( 2 )

Switchboard ABB 1SLM006501A1202

11.11 % ( 3 )

Tekfor BVK 40-36-1

14.81 % ( 4 )

Floor board TDM 4 sq. modification 3 Folk

0.00 % ( 0 )

Shield ShchE-4-1 36 UHL3 1000x960x157 RAL 7035 IEK

0.00 % ( 0 )

"EvrazAvtomatika" UZ.1

3.70 % ( 1 )

Installation and device requirements

Electrical panel door grounding

The purpose of installing an electrical switchboard is to ensure electrical safety, therefore, when selecting and installing it, you need to pay attention to the requirements of GOST 51778-2001 and PUE:

• The product must be accompanied by documents with a detailed description and rated current;
• an electrical safety sign with a voltage limit is applied to the housing;
• a high-quality shield is made of non-flammable materials - heat-resistant plastic or metal with a polymer coating;
• Cables for connecting household appliances must be marked;
• the designation of busbars, grounding and neutral terminal blocks is carried out in accordance with the PUE standards;
• the doors and body of the electrical panel must be grounded;
• there are special places on the doors for installing seals;
• To protect against child access, a lock is placed on the shield.

Installation of electrical panel equipment is carried out near the entrance door of the apartment in a special niche. If it is impossible to arrange it, an external box is attached to the wall or the wall is tapped. The device is placed at a height of 1.5 m from the floor line. The row of top machines should be at eye level. In wooden buildings, mounted models with good dust and moisture resistance are preferred.

Electrical panel housing material

Traditionally, distribution boards are made of two types of materials. It is either painted metal or plastic.

Plastic switchboards are used indoors, out of reach of direct solar radiation. Structurally, they are a compact plastic box with switching buses and DIN rails located inside.

Depending on the model, plastic switchboards may have a transparent, opaque, or windowed door. The simplest samples do not have doors at all. They can be either surface mounted or built into the wall.

Types of electrical panels

Metal shields. They come in a wide variety of dimensions. Can be used indoors, outdoors or in special free-standing buildings.

Metal electrical panels intended for outdoor use are additionally equipped with rubber seals on the doors and cable entries. In addition to protecting against moisture, these seals help block the penetration of dust. Most models are equipped with locking devices.

Types of distribution equipment

For industrial and domestic needs, different types of electrical panels are used. Depending on the size of the area that needs to be secured, they are:

1. The main ones. They have large dimensions, so they are well suited for large industries and transformer substations. They provide reliable energy supply to the entire facility, guaranteeing its protection from short circuits and overloads. They can automatically switch from the main power mode to the backup power mode.
2. Introductory. They are installed in places where power cables enter multi-storey buildings, large office centers, and industrial premises. Effectively separates the supply lines of panels located on floors and in apartments.
3. Storey. Most often they are installed in administrative buildings or residential buildings to distribute electricity to several apartments. They provide space for placing modular automatic devices and electricity meters.
4. Apartment. They are attached to the place where the cable enters the apartment (in the hallway, vestibule, near the front door). They perform the function of protection against overloads and short circuits, distribution of group power lines and energy metering.

A special category is the electrical distribution panel, designed for the safe transfer of consumers from the main power source to a backup one in the event of an emergency. Called an emergency transfer switchboard, it is used in special cases for uninterrupted power supply (in hospitals, schools, etc.). Shields are also divided into separate categories:

1. Lighting. Necessary in rare cases of turning on and off automation.
2. Management. They control the operation of heating systems, ventilation and alarm systems in large shopping centers.
3. Automation. They control the software equipment of various electronic systems.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=7sz6sf-gUPg

Interesting Facts

• When blocking a zombie's attack with a shield, it will be pushed back 1 block.
• The shield protects against creeper explosions, but not against TNT.
• Zombies can pick up a shield, but cannot defend themselves with it.
• Shields reflect arrows several blocks away from the player, allowing them to kill the skeleton if they get close enough to it.
• The shield can stun the Despoiler when reflecting his attack.
• In Bedrock Edition, shields cannot be painted: when combined with a flag in the workbench, nothing happens.

Which shield to choose?

The main distribution board, which can be purchased at the store, is a high-quality power unit with high voltage. It is essentially a simple mechanical/electronic system used primarily to provide electrical power to all available space.

An input-distribution device is a whole complex of many different components used for metering, as well as rapid reception of electricity. It is almost always made in a metal case, and its panels can easily replace each other.

Models of metal distribution boards are devices that are also used in factories and in homes for the correct distribution of electricity. Thanks to their work, you can protect yourself not only from overcurrents, but also from short circuits dangerous to life and health.

Automatic transfer of reserve - all devices of this type work flawlessly when it is necessary to transfer to a certain additional power source from the main one in cases where the voltage in the house drops or any emergency situation arises. Also, the premises are always safe from possible overloads.

Input switchgear (IDU)

This shield is a device containing devices for protecting outgoing load lines, devices for measuring and accounting for general house electricity, which can also include relatively simple automation. The main supply cable to the ASU, as a rule, comes from the main switchboard, and already inside the input switchgear itself, the electricity is distributed along outgoing lines, each of which has its own purpose. Typically, ASUs are installed at the entrance to residential buildings and public buildings, as well as in the workshops of industrial enterprises or factories. The place where ASUs are installed in residential and public buildings is most often the basement. Next, along lines protected by circuit breakers or fuses, the electricity is sent to electrical panels, which we will look at below.

Construction of a floor panel in an apartment building

The vast majority of electrical panels on floors are not locked and pose a serious risk of electric shock to residents, as well as a fire risk for the entire house. Misfortune can await residents even during inspection.

In the photo you can see some of the horrors of the internal structure of the floor panel. Practice shows that energy companies and management enterprises do not care about the technical condition of distribution boards.

These businesses are unwilling to do any major repairs or maintenance. The maximum that the residents of the house can count on is the replacement of the main cables running from the input panel in the basement of the building to the upper floor.

If wires burn out in the panel or electrical devices fail, you can count on the arrival of electricians on duty. They will replace failed devices or conductors in the floor panel diagram, but you cannot expect high-quality repairs from them.

The purpose of this article is to draw the attention of residents to their floor panels and the condition in which they are located. Most of them require immediate major repairs.

Don’t be lazy to go out to the site and look into them.

Switchboards located on landings usually consist of three compartments: subscriber, distribution and low-current compartments. Structurally, each compartment has its own door, and on the front side there are viewing windows for taking meter readings. A diagram of the floor panel should be marked on the door of the distribution compartment so that the electrician from the housing and communal services can understand what goes where. But as a rule, this is not always observed.

Electricity meters are located in the distribution compartment of the floor panel. And as in our case, batch switches. Automatic switches on a DIN rail are installed in the subscriber compartment. In order to turn off the machine or check its position, just open the door of this compartment (you do not need to open the entire panel).

The low-current compartment of the floor panel is located separately from the power section. It houses telephone and radio communication cables, Internet, intercom, security alarm, etc.

Usage

Protection

Shields are used to block attacks. To use, you must hold down RMBJavaEdition or crouch BE. In this case, the player will move slowly, as if crouching. After 5 ticks (0.25 seconds) from the start of using the shield, blows struck in front of the player are blocked. If the shield blocks an attack stronger than 4 hearts, the shield is damaged for the sum of one and the rounded strength of the reflected attack, and the player using this shield will be knocked back. Most non-damaging effects, such as setting a player on fire with a ghast upon contact with a monster's fireball or being poisoned by an arrow, are ignored, with the exception of an ignited arrow. Knockback from melee attacks and projectiles disappears, while knockback from explosions is weakened to one block or less. When blocking attacks using melee weapons, the attacker will be thrown 1 block away from the player.

The shield blocks all attacks up to (but not including) 90 degrees from the player's horizontal direction of view, which is almost a full hemisphere in front of the player. The vertical direction usually does not affect which attacks will be blocked, however, a player who goes all the way down or up runs the risk of losing their ability to block attacks. The situation is similar with attacks made directly from below or from above; they cannot be blocked because they do not have a horizontal direction.

The list of blocked attacks includes melee, arrows, fireballs, projectiles, damage from spikes, explosions (explosions from creepers and dynamite set on fire by another player are successfully blocked, but dynamite activated by the player independently or with the help of a red stone passes through the shield). The guardian/ancient guardian's laser passes through the shield and it, like armor, is ineffective against magical damage.

An attacker with an ax will have a certain chance of taking away your ability to use your shield for 5 seconds. There is also a 0.25 second window after equipping the shield during which it cannot be used.

When an arrow or trident hits a shield, it is reflected.

If successfully blocked, the shield protects the armor from damage.

The shield can be worn in the main hand, however, this will significantly reduce its effectiveness, since the player will not be able to simultaneously strike the enemy due to the fact that switching to a weapon will take time (sword - 0.635 seconds; ax - 1 second or more, which is quite significant) . Therefore, it is recommended to place the weapon in the main hand, and the shield in the second. Thus, having survived damage from a mob, the player is able to immediately strike back. Although if you hold the shield in your other hand, you will not be able to run with a loaded crossbow and block with the shield at the same time. If you change hands (the shield in the main one, and the crossbow in the second), then when reloading the crossbow you will also block attacks. After reloading, the crossbow does not appear in the hand, but if you press the shoot button, it will fire and appear in the hand. This tactic is very useful because with the standard crossbow and shield position you are vulnerable to attacks

The shield can be repaired at an anvil using wood and experience.

Applying patterns

Java Edition only

Ingredients	Crafting recipes	Description
Any flag + Shield	Copies the pattern from the flag and applies it to the shield; the shield should not have any other pattern. The shield does not regain its strength after painting.

Enchantment

Shields cannot be enchanted at the enchanting table, but you can add an enchanted Durability or Repair book at an anvil.

Assembly diagram of a distribution panel in an apartment

If you live in an old apartment that has only one room, then this diagram may look like the one below:

In this wiring diagram for the distribution panel there is no PE bus. It is missing due to the fact that old apartments simply do not have grounding. The diagram of this shield consists of the following elements:

1. A circuit breaker that has two poles.
2. Electricity meter.
3. RCD.
4. Group "packers".

The three machines shown in the diagram will serve separate groups. If your apartment has a ground loop, then the electrical diagram for assembling the distribution board in the apartment will look like this:

Now we need to look at this diagram in detail:

1. Distribution box housing.
2. Zero bus.
3. Grounding bus.
4. Comb for connecting switches.
5. Single-phase RCD.

The bottom row of this photo shows all the items that will be served by this shield.

Sometimes you can also find spacious apartments. In this case, the electrical circuit of the input distribution panel will be more serious. Below is a diagram of the distribution board for an apartment with an improved layout.

With such a number of electricity consumers, there must be a three-phase network. There should be a 63 Ampere three-pole switch at the input. You will then need to connect a 40 amp RCD. Electrical panel wiring diagrams will help you complete the connection process. After designing your option, you can proceed to the connection. We have already talked about how to install wiring in a new building.

Types of shields

In order to scrupulously comply with all the requirements for the use of switchboards in various conditions, the developers offered customers three types of these products:

• outdoor panels;
• internal structures;
• floor products used indoors and outdoors.

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The products provided differ from each other in their level of reach, serving a certain number of consumers connected to a specific network.

Types of equipment according to GOST

According to legislatively adopted documents, both small boxes for 2 modules and large distribution cabinets-stations belong to distribution panels responsible for connecting electrical groups. The standards can be found in the edition of GOST 32395-2013.

The panels are divided into apartment boxes and floor boxes - according to the place of installation. The next division is into distribution and accounting and distribution. The latter differ in the installation of the counter.

Thus, two broad categories can be distinguished:

• apartment – ​​group and accounting-group;
• floor – distribution, accounting-distribution, accounting-distribution-group.

According to the installation method, all of the listed types can be wall-mounted or built into a specially prepared niche.

If the wall box is simply fixed with dowels on the wall or partition, then for the built-in box it is necessary to cut or hollow out a niche of a certain depth

Distribution boxes are protected from electric shock. According to this indicator, they can belong to class I or II.

Some floor products are equipped with special compartments for low-current equipment. Apartment boxes come with or without an input device, designed for single-phase or three-phase circuits.

How to open an electrical panel?

When operating a ShchUR, the problem of penetration into the device often arises. In such cases, the question arises of how to open the electrical panel without a key. The opening procedure is as follows (it should be remembered that independent penetration is fraught with dangerous consequences):

1. Carefully inspect the lock and determine its type.
2. If the locking device is of the tongue type, then you can press the door with a pry bar and lift or move the tongue with a metal plate.
3. If the lock has English type inserts, then it can be opened with a flat screwdriver.
4. If the lock is padlocked, then you can have a snack or saw through the shackle. However, the locking device will need to be replaced.
5. If the electrical panel has lugs mounted on self-tapping screws, they can be cut off.

Basic criteria for choosing a box

The main task of the consumer is to find a durable, practical box that will withstand long-term service in outdoor conditions. The box should be convenient for installation and operation.

What is important about the design itself? The presence of holes of the appropriate diameter for the wires that come from the support and lead out to the building. It is desirable that these elements have rubber seals and plastic couplings

The electrical panel must accommodate all necessary outgoing cables and additionally leave space for upgrading or expanding the installation

A convenient detail is the window. It eliminates the need to open the visor to take readings and reduces the frequency of contact of the internal contents with air and moisture

Pay attention to the sealing tabs

Another important point is the degree of protection from dust and humidity. It is determined by the IP index and the number next to it

The IP20 index means that the box is protected from dust particles larger than 12.5 mm, but is vulnerable to moisture. The IP65 protection degree guarantees complete isolation from these negative factors. The higher the number, the more expensive the design. The optimal option is with a score of 54.

When choosing an electrical panel, you also need to look at the thickness of its walls, operating temperature range, number of doors, and type of lock. The box can be locked with one individual key or equipped with several identical ones.

ShchR classification

Design Feature

• External boxes. Distribution boards of this class are often used to connect cables laid in an open way. They are characterized by ease of installation and ease of access. As a rule, on walls, supports, structural elements of buildings. To protect the layout from moisture, they are equipped with additional insulation.
• Indoor installation boxes. The built-in distribution board is used in private houses, administrative and other buildings where the electrical wiring is done in a hidden way and the cable is not thick. Otherwise, it is difficult to pull the harness through the mounting hole in the box wall. Internal distribution boards are installed in niches, prepared openings in partitions, walls, if the number of connected lines is 2 times less than the number of modules in the cabinet. Fits well into the interior - only the box lid is visible, disguised as the decoration of the room; The ShchR body is recessed and cannot be seen.

Mounting method

• Mounted distribution board. The most common type of ShchR, used in electrical networks of any type of installation (hidden, open). For mounting on the base there are “ears” or holes in the rear wall of the case. That’s why the distribution board is also called overhead.
• Floor distribution board. The box is large in size, installed on a prepared site or attached directly to the floor if the coating provides strength and stability. Scope of application: industrial, administrative facilities, construction sites.

Housing material

• Polymer. Plastic distribution boards are cheaper than metal boxes, but are inferior to them in mechanical strength. Otherwise, there are only advantages: they weigh less, do not require additional insulation when operating in damp conditions. A significant advantage is that the installation of a distribution board of this category does not require mandatory grounding of the box. Recommended for installation with a two-wire power supply circuit (control systems, lighting and a number of others). Some manufacturers of metal frames install a dielectric polymer shell inside the box. Such boxes, although conditionally, are classified as plastic.
• Metal. A typical example is a street distribution board. A distinctive feature of this group of products is the high strength of the case. If the layout provides for the presence of powerful switching devices, the plastic will not withstand significant dynamic loads when the releases are triggered. A metal distribution board is needed where the rating of modular equipment exceeds 63 A. You cannot do without such a box when equipping the door with measuring instruments, lighting equipment, and switching devices. The box body is used as GND or common zero.

Switchboard: characteristics

• Number of modules. According to this criterion, SCs are divided into small (2–12), medium (16–24) and large (36, 48, located at several levels).
• Switchboard protection degree. When assessing this characteristic, you need to focus on the devices installed in the box.

IP20 (30) - for installation inside a building, in rooms with normal humidity.

IP44 (IP54) - ShchR are protected from dust and moisture, but direct exposure to liquid on the housing is contraindicated.

IP55 (65) - for installation outside the building, operation in conditions of contact with an aggressive environment.

• Boxing dimensions. Geometry affects the internal layout and ease of installation. When choosing a ShchR, the useful internal volume, the number of inputs, the dimensions and number of DIN rails, and how many modules will fit on one are assessed.

Expert advice on selection and assembly

Taking into account the listed and other characteristics, choosing a suitable box even for setting up a network in a small apartment is not such a simple matter.

It is better to consult with a qualified electrician and, at a minimum, order a professional wiring project. Based on the diagram, you can assemble the electrical box.

Every little detail is important in the design of the future shield. As an example - ABB apartment box.

This is a box that is most suitable for installing machines without purchasing additional parts. It costs more than a metal box without tires and frame, but is much more convenient to install and use.

The base of the case even has squeeze-out wiring hatches and small grooves for more convenient distribution of conductors inside the box.

For installation into the wall, dowels are used, and the gaps between the niche and the frame are covered with plaster or plaster. If the frame with slats is removable, then all work on installing the housing can be done together with construction activities for finishing the wall, and assembling the box can be done later.

Experienced craftsmen advise not to skimp on electrical equipment that will last for decades, but to buy a durable, reliable, safe box that meets the standards

We recommend paying attention to the products of brands that have long proven themselves on the Russian market: ABB, Legrand, Viko, IEK, Makel, Schneider Electric

Tips and recommendations when choosing an electrical distribution panel

In order not to make a mistake when choosing an electrical panel, before purchasing you need to decide on the following parameters:

• manufacturing material. Plastic samples are most convenient in an apartment or office, where aesthetics are important. For plasterboard walls, built-in models will be optimal. If arranging a niche causes difficulties, then the best solution would be an overhead shield. Metal shields are more appropriate when they need to be placed outdoors. In addition, they are used for switching a large number of consumer groups;
• number of modules. This parameter completely depends on the composition of the electrical installation products in the panel itself, as well as on the number of consumer groups served. The number of seats (modules) is indicated in the name of the panel, the width of the installed modular devices is indicated in the passport. Approximately, a single-pole circuit breaker will take 1 module, a two-pole circuit breaker will take 2 modules, an RCD for one phase will take 3 modules, and for three phases will take 5. The largest width is the electric meter, which occupies from 6 to 8 modules.

Note! The manufacturer is important. As a rule, foreign samples are distinguished by a slightly higher quality of plastic and a richer configuration of the shield. The domestic manufacturer cannot always boast of this, but is able to offer a more budget-friendly option.

Video - Minimum required for assembling a shield

With all the variety of electrical distribution boards, it is necessary to remember that it is best to entrust their assembly to a specialist. In addition, during commissioning, it is advisable to consult with a representative of the energy supply company. This will not only save you from a possible fine, but also save your life.

Types of electrical panels

They differ in purpose, installation method, and material. Depending on the purpose of application, they are divided into:

1. Main distribution board
   (MSB). Serves for input and metering of energy into a large object (group). Receives energy from power lines, transformer stations or individual transformers.
2. Input switchgear
   (ISU). It can perform similar functions of the main switchboard, or serve to further supply power to smaller objects. Measuring instruments that monitor current parameters are additionally installed in it.
3. Emergency commissioning of reserve
   . This electrical panel automatically switches to backup power sources in the event of an emergency. The latter can be batteries and transformer substations.
4. Floor electrical panel
   (SHB). Installed on the floors of buildings in specially designated areas. Carries the functions of further distribution of energy throughout the floor.
5. Apartment panel
   (AS). Can be installed both inside apartments and on the floor. This electrical panel is responsible for powering residential areas, accounting for electricity consumption and protecting against the negative effects of electric current.
6. Lighting board
   . It is used as a separate device to provide on/off functions for lighting devices.
7. Control and automation panels
   . The panel for electrical circuit breakers is mainly used in electrical installations, power plants, and substations. Often control and automation functions are combined.

Mounted electrical panel

Manufactured in various depths (side wall width). They are designed for installation on a wall, a special device or a support. For the manufacture of a non-separable body, sheet steel 1 mm thick is used. The rigidity of the structure ensures reliable installation of the equipment. An apartment electrical panel can be made of plastic and have a collapsible body, consisting of a rear wall (mounting base) and a casing with a lid. They are connected to each other with special fasteners. When the cabinet height is up to 800 mm, the panels are equipped with one lock, above - two.

Built-in electrical panel

Designed for installation deep into the wall. Comprises:

• body made of steel 1 mm thick;
• steel mask with a door hung on it.

The housing has technological holes for wall mounting. Powder painting is carried out in an electrostatic field. To install internal equipment, mounting panels or modular systems are used. The electrical panel in an apartment of this type has the ability to change the door opening. The generally accepted wall installation depth is 120 mm. Internal protection degree IP31.

Floor electrical panel

Can serve as a main board for power input and distribution. A welded frame made of 2 mm thick steel provides rigidity to the structure. The filling consists of removable components and assemblies assembled linearly. It can have either one or two doors. The locking device can block the door in 4 places. At the installation site it is mounted on a special base. An electrical panel in a private house, located outdoors, is equipped with increased protection from the influence of the external environment, type IP55, 65.

Floor board (SHE)

From the input switchgear, electricity distribution lines (or, as they are also called, “risers”) go to the floor panels. The latter are used to account for electricity and protect lines going to apartments. Most often, in a floor panel, electricity metering and distribution is carried out for 4 apartments, but there are also switchboards for 6 apartments. For example, if you did not repair or replace the wiring, then most likely the circuit breakers that protect your apartment from short-circuit currents. and overloads are located in the floor panel. People who have replaced outdated wiring with a new one that meets modern regulatory requirements, as a rule, organize the apartment’s power supply system in the most convenient way for themselves: they increase the number of groups, organize separate protection for the lines of “light” and “socket” loads. Such a modernization of the apartment’s power supply system implies the creation of one’s own apartment panel, which will be discussed in the next paragraph of the article.

Price

Mounted types of panels are inexpensive. Their cost can be about 700 rubles. These are panels for apartments, in which there is no possibility of expanding switching. But the most popular today are built-in structures. Their cost is only 1,500 rubles. They are popular among modern consumers, since, thanks to built-in structures, you can significantly save space in the room.

Proper distribution of electrical energy has always been a critical task. The efficiency of energy consumption, as well as the stability of the power supply to consumers, will depend on it. The range of household devices is constantly growing and increasing. You should only trust the installation of panels to specialists, as they have the necessary experience and will be able to make all the connections correctly.

We recommend reading:

Electrical panel design

Designing an electrical panel's electrical circuit is entirely dependent on all the building's wiring. That is, it is she who predetermines the number of automatic protective switches, their type, parameters, as well as other elements and their properties.

Since in each individual case there are a number of specific features, we will not dwell on the development of a schematic diagram, but will only consider the main, general structural elements.

First of all, a switchboard for a private home can be made of metal or plastic. Recently, plastic structures have become increasingly popular; they have an attractive appearance, lower weight and price, but the metal structure is more reliable, lasts longer and can withstand greater mechanical loads. The choice is yours.

The housing can be structurally built into a niche previously prepared in the wall, as well as installed directly on it.

Built-in structures are more convenient when installing hidden wiring, they take up less space, do not stand out externally, look aesthetically pleasing and fit harmoniously into the space. However, their installation and installation is much more complicated.

The internal structure of the electrical panel consists of the following main components:

• A special DIN rail; all circuit breakers and other control and protection devices are installed on it;
• A special kind of distribution current-carrying busbars for the neutral and pinch wires. The ground bus is designated “PE”, and the zero bus is designated “N”;
• Automatic switches, residual current devices and other automation and control devices, for example: lighting, hood, etc.;
• Electricity consumption meter;
• Wires connecting all elements of the electrical panel into a single circuit.

In some cases, for example in apartments, there may not be a meter in the electrical panel, and in addition, other, not specified, automation and control units may be installed. Fastening and installation of additional elements must be done in accordance with the instructions for these devices, which are supplied with them.

Emergency switchboard (ESB)

ShchAP boards (as well as AVR boards) are designed to automatically switch to a backup load power source in the event of a power failure and to return the electrical circuit to its original state when a normal voltage value is established in the network. Panels of this type can only be found at facilities where an uninterrupted supply of electrical receivers is required.