Perhaps for some this will be a discovery as significant as the discovery of America by Columbus, that there is electricity everywhere around us. It literally permeates our entire lives. But even knowing this sometimes does not prevent our eyes from widening when we learn that tension can be obtained from the most ordinary things and even from food. Using what you have in the kitchen or garage, it is quite possible to build a simple battery at home.
lemon battery
Even from this fruit you can get electricity. To do this you need to prepare the following things:
- one lemon;
- a piece of something steel;
- something made of copper;
- and two pieces of wire for insulation.
First we will need to clean up our steel and copper items. Regular sandpaper will help with this.
Reference. An object made of steel can be the most ordinary nails. There are plenty of them in any garage. And for “something made of copper”, you can use coins in denominations of ten and fifty kopecks.
Now we stick a nail and a coin into the lemon. Between them you need to make a gap of about three centimeters. These will be our electrodes, all that remains is to connect the wires to them. You can just stick it right next to it. The coin is our positive contact, and the nail, therefore, is negative.
Reference. Lemon can be successfully replaced with an ordinary apple. The main thing is to choose the most sour one that you don’t mind using for experiments. And the acid is useful for the reaction to proceed.
A lemon or apple battery (if you take only one fruit) will produce about 0.5 or 0.7 volts. This is very little - you can’t charge even the simplest mobile phone. You need to somehow bring the voltage to three or even five volts. But how? Yes, it’s very simple - connect more fruits into a single chain.
Reference. To increase the charge of our circuit, it can be charged. It is enough to include a crown battery or even a mobile phone charger into the circuit.
Making lemons or apples produce electricity becomes possible because the copper element interacts with the steel element. The acid contained inside the fruit triggers this reaction. As long as there is at least a drop of acid inside or as long as the contacts are intact, the battery will continue to work.
Experiment with potatoes and light bulb
Using the same circuit that was considered in the previous experiment, you can easily light a light bulb. This makes the design simpler.
To work you need:
- 2 wires with bare ends;
- 2 nails;
- 2 potatoes;
- bulb;
- heat gun with silicone rods.
You need to take 2 wires with bare ends. One of them is glued to the lamp base with hot silicone from a heat gun. The second wire is glued to the protruding contact at the bottom of the base. Then a thick nail is stuck into each potato. One wire is screwed to one of the nails. The end of the second is bent and looped over a free nail. At this moment the light should light up!
Electricity in a bank
Even from an ordinary can you can build something similar to the very first battery in the world. To do this you will need:
- a simple glass jar (you can use a glass);
- zinc or aluminum plate;
- strip of copper;
- several wires;
- ammonia, also known as ammonium chloride;
- tap water.
Our battery will have an aluminum plate as the anode, and a copper plate will serve as the cathode. Their size must be selected so that their area is equal to the palm of a person. This will make our battery more efficient. Solder the wires to the plates. Now our task is to install the plates in the jar so that they do not touch each other. And the height of these plates should be greater than the can itself.
It's electrolyte time. It's easy to do. Mix ammonia with water. For every 0.1 liter of water you need to add 50 grams of powder. Mix everything thoroughly and pour into a jar. Instead of ammonia, you can also use sulfuric acid. To do this, it will need to be brought to a twenty percent state.
Important! If you make an electrolyte based on sulfuric acid, then when diluting it you need to pour the acid into water, but not vice versa. Otherwise, the water can simply boil, and as a result of a violent reaction, everything will splash out. In addition, do not forget that when working with acid you need to wear protective equipment.
Fill the jar with the resulting solution. If you combine several cans into a single circuit, you will get a very good battery, the energy of which is quite enough to charge a fairly powerful device. This battery is similar to salt batteries.
Using raw potatoes
It is possible to generate electricity from potatoes even at home. To verify this, just stick two metal voltmeter probes into the potato. The device will show the presence of voltage at a level of several millivolts.
Of course, it is unlikely that it will be possible to power any electrical appliance from such a source; the power is too low. If, instead of probes made of the same metal, a zinc cathode and a copper anode are used, its voltage will increase significantly.
The larger the electrode area, the more efficiently the cell operates. Zinc can be extracted from a used battery by cutting the metal zinc glass of a galvanic cell. A simpler option: use a regular galvanized nail, screw or screw from a hardware store. The anode is made from a piece of copper wire, a cable core or copper fasteners from the same hardware store. A copper-zinc vegetable cell will give about 0.5-0.7V. In essence, the result is a true galvanic cell.
It doesn't matter whether the potato is whole or not. A large root vegetable cut into pieces will work the same as a whole one.
Plate element
Another effective way to generate potato electricity is to place a flat piece of raw root vegetable between plates of copper, zinc, and their alloys. Various copper coins can be used as plates, and the negative electrode can be made from a flat galvanized washer of suitable diameter. Such an element turns out to be compact, making it easier to assemble a battery.
How to measure battery resistance with a multimeter
DIY coin battery
Even the coins that are in your wallet or piggy bank can generate electric current. From coins you can build the simplest galvanic cell, which in science is called a Voltaic column. We need to prepare:
- several copper coins (such as coins of fifty and ten kopecks);
- food foil;
- several sheets of paper;
- table vinegar or a solution of water and salt.
To make our structure look aesthetically pleasing, it would be better to use coins of the same denomination. Before conducting the experiment, you need to wash all the coins in vinegar. He will wash away all the dirt from them. Now we take scissors and cut rounds from paper and foil, the same shape as coins. The number of these blanks should be two less than the number of coins.
Now let's assemble our energy column:
- We take a piece of paper, soak it in vinegar and attach it to a coin.
- Place foil on paper.
- Now again the coin.
- Until we finish adding the coins, we repeat everything sequentially.
- As a result, there will be a coin at one end of the structure. This is the positive pole, the other end will have foil. This is the negative pole.
The more coins you can collect, the greater the tension. The coins cannot be reused. After the experiment they will already be rusty.
Current strength
It would seem that everything is achieved, the goal is achieved, and all that remains is to find a way to connect the wiring to the power contacts of the flashlight or LEDs.
However, having gone through this procedure and assembled a rather weak structure from several potatoes, you will be very disappointed with the final result.
Low-power LEDs will of course glow, after all, you still received voltage. However, the brightness level of their glow will be catastrophically dim. Why is this happening?
Because, unfortunately, such a galvanic element produces a negligibly low current. It will be so small that not even all multimeters can measure it.
Someone will think that since there is not enough current, they need to add more potatoes and everything will work out. Here's a video experiment using 400s! potatoes and connecting them to a 110-volt LED light bulb.
Of course, a significant increase in tubers will increase the operating voltage.
When tens or hundreds of potatoes are connected in series, the voltage will increase, but the most important thing will not be there - sufficient capacity to increase the current.
And this whole structure will not be rationally suitable.
Electricity in a beer can
After drinking canned beer, do not rush to throw away the empty can. It will make a good battery. To do this you will need:
- beer can (they are made from food grade aluminum);
- fire charcoal or coal dust;
- paraffin candle;
- graphite pencil lead;
- water and salt;
- a piece of foam plastic - the foam should be more than a centimeter thick.
Cut off the top of the can. We cut a circle out of foam plastic so that its diameter matches the jar. We make a hole in the foam, but not through. We will install a graphite rod in the hole. Place polystyrene foam on the bottom of the jar and insert the rod. The graphite rod should be exactly in the center of the can. We fill everything around the rod with coal dust.
Important! Make sure that the rod does not touch the walls of the jar.
Now we make a solution of salt and water. To do this, take half a liter of water and add three tablespoons of salt into it. Mix everything thoroughly so that all the salt is completely dissolved. It will dissolve faster and better if the water is heated. We pour our electrolyte into a jar and seal everything with paraffin. The graphite rod should rise above the level of the can.
We connect one wire to the rod - this is the positive contact. And the second wire to the wall of the can is the negative contact. If you make a circuit of two cans, you can get a voltage of three volts. This battery can power a light bulb.
Green potatoes
For this experiment, you need to take one potato and place it in the brightest place in the group room. It could be a windowsill. After a couple of days, children will notice that the skin of the tuber has changed color; it has taken on a distinct green tint. If you take a knife and cut off a little of the peel, you can see the color saturation better.
Why does this happen? Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, chlorophyll begins to be actively synthesized in the tuber; it is thanks to it that almost all plants are green. And you can explain to the kids that it was the sun that painted the potatoes green.
Potato battery
If you have potatoes at home, then this is quite an energetic thing. True, one-time use. The potato battery can only be used once. For example, on a hike.
To obtain the battery, we will prepare the following elements:
- you will need large potatoes;
- copper wires in insulation;
- toothpaste;
- wood chips or toothpicks;
- table salt.
Cut the potatoes into two parts. It is advisable to do this lengthwise to get a larger cutting area. Cut out the core in one half to create a hole. Place a mixture of toothpaste and salt in this hole. The composition should fill the entire recess. This mixture will act as an electrolyte.
We make two holes in another piece of potato. The distance between the holes should be such that both are located above the electrolyte mixture when both halves are connected. These holes are needed for wires. The ends of the wires must be stripped of insulation to a length of two centimeters. Now we connect both parts of the potatoes and, so that they do not fall apart, we fix them with toothpicks.
We wait five minutes for the reaction to begin. Now we close the wires and see a spark at the end. This is how you can safely light a fire with a potato battery at a camping stop.
High-quality Li-ion 18650 charging systems
IMAX B6 MINI PROFESSIONAL BALANCE CHARGER/DISCHARGER
Opus BT-C3100 (version 2.2) Intelligent Li-ion/NiCd/NiMH battery charger
how does the BMS board work?
– increase in service life,
– maintaining the battery in working condition.
BMS (Battery Management System) functions
- Monitoring the condition of battery cells in terms of:
– voltage:
total voltage, individual cell voltage, minimum and maximum cell voltage,
– charge and depth of discharge,
DIY battery: from lemon, coins, potatoes, jars
– charge/discharge currents,
Incorrect charging is one of the most common causes of li-ion battery failure, so charge control is one of the main functions of the BMS microcontroller.
Based on the above points, BMS makes an assessment:
– maximum permissible charge current,
– maximum permissible discharge current,
– amount of current during discharge,
– internal resistance of the cell,
– total operating time of the battery during operation.
The BMS protects the battery by preventing it from exceeding its safe operating limits. BMS guarantees the safety of connecting/disconnecting the load, flexible load control, protects the battery from:
What is the mah in a battery?
– current overload,
– overvoltage (during charging),
– voltage drop below the permissible level (during discharge),
- Balancing.
Balancing is a method of distributing charge evenly among all the cells of a battery, thereby maximizing the life of the battery.
– providing a modular charging process,
– regulating the output currents of the battery cells connected to the consumer.
How to make a powerful battery with your own hands
Let's make a powerful power bank for 12 volt 200A/h We will need 240 pcs 18650 A lot of tin and a lot of patience
conclusions
From the methods discussed above, it is clear that the earth contains both huge reserves of static electricity and a great potential for other types of energy that can be used to serve man. To do this, there is no need to burn fuel, but none of the methods makes it possible to power a powerful device.
Therefore, it is much more profitable to use the same solar panels or wind generators as alternative sources of electricity. Further study of methods for generating electricity from the earth may bring more productive results, but today we can only be content with energy for the sake of experiment.
Source
Profit margins
Buyers purchase used batteries from the population, offering the manufacturer 50-60 rubles per kilogram. The profit of resellers is 50%. Transportation is not expensive and more than pays for itself. Purchasing used batteries, taking into account recycling, is a cheaper option for manufacturers than purchasing pure metal ingots. Ultimately, the sales chain benefits all participants, including buyers of new batteries.
The question remains why retail and wholesale stores buy used batteries. The answer lies on the surface.
Barter from the manufacturer
In most cases, manufacturing plants use a barter scheme. The supplier of old batteries receives payment not in money, but in new batteries. Manufacturers receive double benefits:
- sale of goods;
- additional brand advertising.
Barter is beneficial not only to factories, but also to buyers. Instead of old batteries, the reseller receives a new product without a store markup. The retail cost of the drive is about 6 thousand rubles.
Positive aspects of buying and selling
Buying and selling batteries is also attractive because it does not require registering as a legal entity. Almost anyone can engage in the resale of energy storage devices without serious preparations and preliminary costs, such as:
- renting office space;
- payment of working staff;
- preparation of legal papers;
- large financial initial investment.
The business of buying car batteries from the population and selling used batteries to manufacturers is the first step in the process of recycling recyclable materials. Instead of filling city landfills with used batteries, they are processed and new storage devices are created. Thus, it is possible to at least partially solve such an acute problem of environmental pollution. It becomes clear why people buy old batteries - this is a profitable and useful enterprise that not only generates income, but also solves an important environmental problem.
No. 2. Copper winding.
Now we wind the copper wire around the spoon in several layers. But it’s possible in one. We leave the ends of the wires long, since they will be poles. The turns should not be wound close to each other. Leave small spaces between them. After this, we return to the first step and wind the film. It needs to be wound loosely so as to leave access for the solution to the copper. Next we wind the wire again. We repeat all this up to 7 times or more. At the output we get a rather thick coil with protruding copper branches.
No. 3. Solution.
Pour a teaspoon of salt into a glass container. Then add the same amount of vinegar. Perform light stirring. Next, fill in glycerin from 4 vials.
Battery design elements
The following components will be required:
- Container with lid;
- Carbon rod;
- Activated carbon;
- Saline solution (15%);
- Terminal with plug;
- Bags of activated carbon.
These are the elements from which you can make a simple battery. The prepared container should not allow light to pass through, otherwise the battery will quickly discharge. An electrolyte solution made from table salt is poured into it.
Electrodes consisting of carbon rods are also lowered there. Activated carbon is placed in a bag around each electrode.
Each bag must be pressed well against the electrode using threads. There should be enough activated carbon in the bag so that the layer between the electrode and the bag is 1.5 cm.
Such a battery is charged for up to 12 hours, and 4.5 V DC is supplied to each bank. When gases begin to be released intensively, it means charging is over.
The cap should not be closed during charging, because the released gases can splash out the electrolyte solution from the cans. To work properly, it should be changed once a week.
Chemist's Handbook 21
When preparing and storing the electrolyte, it is protected from air access to prevent the absorption of carbon dioxide, as it increases and decreases the capacity. If the electrolyte contains up to 50 g/l of soda or potash, it is not recommended to fill the electrolyte.
All other malfunctions that arose during operation (mechanical damage, etc.)
etc.) are eliminated in the usual way. For stabilization, they are subjected to two or three training cycles of normal regimes. In some cases, when the battery on the third discharge delivers less than 80% of its rated capacity, an additional 1-2 cycles should be performed. In the first two cycles, the battery is charged with a current of 150 A for In addition, it can be prepared electrochemically.
prepared by in or condensate.
When prepared, a precipitate of 5n (OH)2 is first obtained, which is collected in a plastic case. The lower part of the body, which is amalgamated, mixed with a thickener.
The latter also contains starch. Above is a paste diaphragm consisting of an alkaline electrolyte thickened with starch and. When changing, such a paste should neither dry out nor become wet.
When the paste gets wet, the solution will penetrate into the pores, reducing its performance.
The electrolyte used for is saturated with zinc oxide and containing a small amount of chromium salts. To prepare an alkaline electrolyte, pour distilled water into the vessel and add alkali in small portions, thoroughly mixing the electrolyte with iron or.
Installing an ignition system on an Apple Gun
Ignition system Spark gap
The main mistake when building potato cannons is supplying voltage inside through metal elements. As a rule, after several shots, such a gun becomes silent for a long time due to loss of spark. This design does not have this drawback. At a distance of 40 mm from the end of the plug, we drill two holes and insert conductors there to a length of 40-50 mm. We fix the wires in the holes with hot glue. After the glue has set, we form a spark gap and check the spark. The iska will skip with a characteristic sound. To be on the safe side, the place where the conductors enter is secured with reinforced tape in two layers.
Preparing the workplace for repairs
If you decide to replace the battery in your watch yourself, then before you begin, you should prepare your work area. In addition to the electronic unit, the mechanism of a quartz watch contains gears with microscopic teeth, and even a tiny foreign particle, such as a speck of dust, hair, dandruff or dirt, getting between the teeth can lead to their partial or complete loss of performance. If the table surface is hard, then after successfully replacing the battery, scratches may appear on the watch case.
Therefore, the table must first be wiped from dust with a damp cloth and then covered with a white sheet of paper or a lint-free cloth of sufficient size. The white color is convenient because if a screw or other small part is accidentally dropped, it will be easy to find. It is advisable to wear a hat, such as a baseball cap, or tie a scarf around your hair.
I would think twice before handing over an expensive watch for battery replacement to a watchmaker sitting in an unkempt booth with a full head of hair.
The principle of operation of such a device
Before you start making a vegetable battery, you can take measurements. All you need to do is insert micrometer probes into the potatoes. A result with a reading of several millivolts will immediately appear on the display. If you attach the wires of the device to coins, which are then inserted into a cut on a potato, the readings will increase.
Potatoes contain salts and acids that act as an electrolyte. The zinc and copper elements are the anode and cathode, respectively. You can use elements made of steel or aluminum, but the voltage levels will be lower, since the material has high resistance.
A battery made from lemon and potatoes will be much more efficient than a power source made from a single vegetable. Thanks to the oxidative processes that occur during the interaction of zinc, copper and acids, electric current is generated. The electrodes move sequentially from the anode to the cathode at a certain speed. A potato battery at home works on the same principle. Therefore, it is stupid to say that the current is concentrated in potatoes.
How to extract lead from a battery yourself
Extracting lead from a battery yourself is neither safe nor economically feasible. There is no point in doing this with the goal of handing over lead later and making money from it. Melting in a garage will bring 3-4 kg of metal from a sixty-amp battery. Even if you sell it at 100 rubles per kg, it will be less than if you just sell the old battery.
The process of smelting lead from a battery at home:
- depressurization of jars with electrolyte and draining it into acid-resistant containers;
- disassembling the housing for subsequent removal of the electrode plates;
- cleaning electrodes from foreign matter;
- melting cleaned plates in a metal container (can be melted on a gas or electric stove);
- extraction of solid impurities from the melt;
- molding in pre-made molds.
With reagents and some knowledge of chemistry, pure sulfuric acid can be obtained from the remaining electrolyte.
Physico-chemical justification
The potato itself, or any other vegetable, does not contain any reserves of electricity. And this is not the energy that our body extracts from eating vegetables. The generation of electricity occurs as a result of a chemical oxidation-reduction reaction at the electrodes of a galvanic cell. During the reaction, electrons are exchanged between the anode and cathode with the flow of electric current in the electrolyte environment. The electrolyte in this case is a weak solution of acids and salts contained in the tuber juice. Zinc or another metal, oxidizing in an electrolyte environment, releases electrons, which, when restored at the second, copper electrode, form an electric current. With this reaction, the zinc electrode is gradually consumed. And the potato itself is just a container that can maintain juiciness (electrolyte) for a long time.
Of course, experiments on producing electricity from potatoes are interesting primarily from an educational point of view and are of little use for practical application.
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About the capacity of lithium batteries
Capacity is the ability of a battery to deliver current, measured in milliampere hour (mAh) or ampere hour (Ah). For example, a battery with a capacity of 2 Ah can deliver a current of 2 A for one hour, or 1 A for two hours. But this dependence of the current on the load connection time is not linear - at a certain point in the graph, when the current doubles, the battery operating time decreases fourfold. Therefore, manufacturers always indicate the capacity calculated when the battery is discharged with an excessively low current of 100 mA.
The amount of energy depends on the battery voltage, so nickel metal hydride cells with the same capacity have 3 times less energy intensity than lithium ion ones:
- NiMH
– 1.2 V * 2.2 Ah = 2.64 watt-hours; - Li-ion
– 3.7 V * 2.2 Ah = 8.14 watt-hours.
When searching for and purchasing rechargeable batteries, give preference to well-known companies such as Samsung, Sony, Sanyo, Panasonic. The batteries from these manufacturers have a capacity that most closely matches that indicated on their case. The inscription 2600 mA on Sanyo elements is not much different from their real capacity of 2500–2550 mA. Counterfeits from Chinese manufacturers with a vaunted capacity of 4200 mA do not even reach 1000 mA, but their price is half as much as the Japanese originals.
Primary requirements
Homemade devices, unlike factory ones, require a slightly different approach to operation. Most of them lack many components that help with charging and increase safety. This happens mainly because craftsmen, having no experience in installing complex electronic circuits, strive to simplify the design.
If there are no automatic control and emergency shutdown devices, the process must be constantly monitored. Leaving the device running unattended is dangerous: there is a risk of battery damage and even fire. Therefore, in a charger made independently, it is advisable to provide components for safe autonomous operation.
They must provide:
- output voltage stability;
- disconnection from the battery when the charging current or voltage is exceeded;
- self-locking - after an emergency shutdown, the device cannot start on its own;
- protection against incorrect polarity connection.
Manufacturing process
In the modern world, there are quite a lot of household appliances equipped with a special timer that counts down a certain period, then signaling its end. When making your own device for charging AA batteries, you can also use this technology, which will notify you when the battery charging process is complete.
The charger for AA batteries is a device that generates direct current, charging up to 3 A/h. During production, the most common, even classic, scheme was used, which you see below. The basis, in this case, is the transistor VT1.
The voltage on this transistor is indicated by a red LED VD5, which acts as an indicator when the device is connected to the network. Resistor R1 sets a certain power of currents passing through this LED, as a result of which the voltage in it fluctuates. The value of the collector current is formed by the resistance from R2 to R5, which are included in VT2 - the so-called “emitter circuit”. At the same time, by changing the resistance values, you can control the degree of charging. R2 is constantly connected to VT1, setting a constant current with a minimum value of 70 mA. To increase the charging power, it is necessary to connect the remaining resistors, i.e. R3,R4 and R5.
After connecting the device to the network, a certain voltage appears on resistor R2, which is transmitted to transistor VT2. Then, the current flows further, as a result of which the VD7 LED begins to burn intensely.
A story about a homemade device
Voltage increase
If you disconnect the wires from the meter and connect them to the LED, it probably won't light up. An LED requires at least 1.5 volts and 10 milliamps of current, while a potato battery only supplies about 0.5 volts. However, remember that you can increase the voltage by connecting the batteries in series. You can probably get enough voltage from three potatoes to light an LED.
Prepare two more potato batteries and then use wires with alligator clips to connect them together. Attach one wire of one wire to the anode on the first potato and the other wire to the cathode on the second. Attach one wire of the second wire to the anode on the second potato and the other to the cathode on the third potato. This leaves you with a free cathode (on the first potato) and a free anode (on the third potato). Connect a meter to these electrodes and you should get a reading of at least 1.5 volts. Now unplug the meter and connect the LED and it should glow dimly.
You can keep increasing the voltage by adding more batteries, but you actually need more current to make the LED shine brighter. You increase the current by running the batteries in parallel.
Voltage measurements
Let's say you have three potatoes and you put them together as described above. To find out what the voltage is, use a multimeter.
Switch to DC voltage measurement mode and connect test leads to the outermost terminals of the potato, such as the starting positive terminal (copper) and the ending negative terminal (zinc).
Even with three medium-sized potatoes you can get almost 1.5 Volts. If you minimize all transition resistances for this:
- use not a nail as a copper electrode, but the wire itself, with which the circuit is assembled
- uses soldering in contacts
so only 4 potatoes are capable of producing up to 12 volts!
If your budget flashlight is powered by three AA batteries, you will need about 5 volts to fire properly. That is, when using regular threads you need at least three times more potatoes.
To do this, by the way, it is not necessary to look for additional tubers; it is enough to cut the existing ones into several parts with a knife. Then do the same procedure with threads and nails.
Insert a galvanized and copper pin into each cut tuber. As a result, constant voltages above 5.5 V can be achieved.
Is it theoretically possible to get 5 volts from one potato and at the same time make sure that the entire bunch is no larger than a battery of fingers? It's possible and very simple. Cut small pieces of the core from the potato and place them between flat electrodes, such as coins made of different metals (bronze, zinc, aluminum).
As a result, you should end up with something like a sandwich. Even one part of such an assembly is capable of delivering up to 0.5V!
And if you put several together, the output can easily reach the required value of up to 5V.
Precautionary measures
Compliance with basic precautions will allow you to avoid many negative consequences when conducting experiments aimed at restoring non-rechargeable button-type batteries. If there is a need to recharge an old battery, you should protect your eyes from possible contact with chemically active substances and metal debris in the event of a battery rupture
If there is a need to recharge an old battery, you should protect your eyes from possible contact with chemically active substances and metal debris in the event of a battery rupture.
In addition to using personal protective equipment, it is necessary to prepare fire extinguishing means in advance. If the lithium battery becomes depressurized during charging, it may catch fire.
If you are charging a rechargeable coin battery, then there is no need to worry. Modern chargers are equipped with a “smart” system that uniformly supplies electric current to the battery contacts.
After reaching the required charge level, the automation will also work and the current supply will stop. The main thing when using such devices is to monitor the functionality of the sockets and wiring in the house or apartment. Despite the low current consumption, the presence of poor contact in the electrical fittings can lead to melting of the contacts.
How to make a Krona battery simply and inexpensively at home
Video on the topic Batteries
and batteries.
Main postulate:
- The charge is not feasible if you arrange and - in a different way. On the contrary, the battery
will drain even faster. - You can charge an object with your own hands several times.
- Using the method described above, you can only charge ordinary AA alkaline batteries.
- The charge can be carried out in all environmental temperature conditions.
The next charging method is the conventional heating method. But it is fraught with consequences (explosion). Thus, there is an option to restore, of course, small alkaline batteries yourself. You can also charge them using a more conventional method - placing the discharged objects in boiling water, but for less than 20 seconds, otherwise sad results are likely. Another simple method is to flatten or otherwise reduce the volume of the element in artisanal conditions. This way you can charge different AA batteries.
. There is an example when a person, after the charge of a lithium-ion battery had expired, simply took it out and stomped on it, then the charge characteristics showed 100 percent.
There is another option to return the charge without a charger: we make 3.2 holes with an awl near each carbon rod with a depth of three-quarters of the height of the element itself. There we fill in the liquid and seal them, covering them with resin or plasticine. There is an option to pour not only liquid, but an eight to ten percent solution of hydrochloric acid or double vinegar. Fill the solution a couple of times to ensure sufficient saturation. This method allows you to charge up to seventy to eighty percent of the original capacity.
Another method to charge
product: open the element cover with a knife. If the zinc cylinder, the object's rod and the carbon powder are intact, then immerse the object in the salt solution. Its ratio is as follows: 2.4 tablespoons of table salt per several glasses of water. Next, we boil the solution together with the element for about ten to fifteen minutes. Later we return the gaskets responsible for sealing to the area and cover it with wax or with plasticine.
In this publication, we have given a hint for you on how to charge batteries on your own without a charger. The suggested tips apply only to AA batteries.
, since they, unlike the little finger, flat (pills) used for lasers, are usually applicable in everyday life. Now it is possible to properly charge the necessary elements if there is no electricity!
Horrifying Stories of Potatoes Causing Mass Illness and Even Death | Arts and culture
It was the second day of the autumn term at a small boys' school in South London in 1979. Without warning, 78 schoolchildren and a handful of observers fell ill. Symptoms included vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and, in severe cases, central nervous system depression. Several patients were in a coma with episodes of convulsive twitching and severe attacks of fever. Many patients showed signs of peripheral circulatory impairment. Within five days of the initial outbreak, all patients had fully recovered, although some had hallucinations for several days, report Mary McMillan and J.K. Thompson in the Quarterly Journal of Medicine. But what could cause such a sudden and mysterious illness?
It turns out that there was a bag of potatoes left over for storage from the previous summer semester.
After careful analysis of the sequence of events, the onset of symptoms was determined to be approximately 4 to 14 hours after the boys ate boiled potatoes containing high concentrations of a toxin, solanine, a glycoalkaloid that was first isolated in 1820 from the European black nightshade berry. Nightshade is a term used to describe more than 2,800 species of plants in the scientific family Solanaceae. Eggplants, tomatoes, and some berries are common members of the nightshade family—many of them contain highly toxic alkaloids.
Potatoes are the most common cause of solanine poisoning in humans. But how can you tell if solanine is present in potatoes? The tuber turns green.
Although the green color that forms on potato skins is actually chlorophyll, which is not toxic at all (it is the plant's response to light), the presence of chlorophyll indicates the concentration of solanine. The nerve toxin is produced in the green part of the potato (leaves, stem and any green spots on the skin). Why does it exist? This is part of the plant's defense against insects, diseases and other predators.
If you eat enough greens, it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, central nervous system paralysis (as evidenced by the above incident), but in some rare cases, poisoning can cause coma or even death. Studies have documented illnesses caused by a range of 30 to 50 mg of solanine per 100 grams of potatoes, but symptoms vary depending on the body weight ratio of the toxin and individual tolerance to the alkaloid. The following cases reported in various medical journals include examples of some of the most severe cases of solanine poisoning (many of which resulted in death):
1899 : After eating boiled potatoes containing 0.24 mg of solanine per gram of potato, 56 German soldiers experienced solanine poisoning. Although all recovered, some cases experienced jaundice and partial paralysis.
1918: In Glasgow, Scotland, 61 people from 18 separate households were immediately affected by a bad batch of potatoes. The next day, a five-year-old boy died from intestinal strangulation after severe vomiting and vomiting. According to "A Study of Solanine Poisoning" by S. G. Willimott, Ph.D., B.S. Published in 1933, the case was investigated by scientists R. W. Harris and T. Cockburn, who, in their article "Suspected Potato Poisoning" (1918), concluded that the poisoning was the result of eating potatoes that contained five or six times the amount of solanine found in normal potatoes. Willimott cites this particular case as an example of the toxin's prevalence: "A review of the literature reveals the fact that genuine cases of solanine poisoning are not as rare as authorities believe."
1922: This fall, a serious epidemic broke out in Germany due to abnormal levels of solanine in potato crops.
1925: Seven family members were poisoned by green potatoes. Two of them died. Symptoms reportedly included vomiting and severe exhaustion, but not the convulsions seen in schoolchildren in London. Breathing was rapid and labored until he lost consciousness several hours before death.
1948: A case of solanine poisoning involving the nightshade potato's relative, the berry, was reported in the article "A Fatal Case of Solanine Poisoning " published in the British Medical Journal. On August 13 of that year, a 9-year-old girl with a bad habit of snacking on berries that grew along the railroad tracks near her home was hospitalized with symptoms of vomiting, abdominal pain and difficulty breathing. She died two days later. An autopsy revealed hemorrhages in the lining of the stomach and mid-small intestine. There was about one pint of dark brown liquid in the stomach.
1952: According to the British Medical Journal, solanine poisoning is most common during periods of food shortage. In the face of famine, there were reports of large groups of people eating older potatoes with higher concentrations of the toxin. In North Korea, during the 1952–1953 war, entire communities were forced to eat rotting potatoes. In one area alone, 382 people were injured, of whom 52 were hospitalized and 22 died. The most severe cases died of heart failure within 24 hours of eating potatoes. Some of the less serious symptoms included an irregular pulse, an enlarged heart, and blue lips and ears. Those who had these ailments died within 5-10 days. Authors John Emslie and Peter Fell explain their book Was It Something You Ate?: Food Intolerance: What Causes It and How to Avoid It: . respiratory failure."
1983: Sixty-one of 109 schoolchildren and staff in Alberta, Canada, became ill within five minutes of eating a baked potato. Forty-four percent of victims noted the green tint and bitter taste of the potatoes.
Don't worry, fatal cases of solanine poisoning are very rare these days. Most commercial potatoes are screened for solanine, but any potato can accumulate the toxin to dangerous levels when exposed to light or improperly stored. Often the highest concentrations of solanine are found in the skin, just below the surface, and in the sprouted "eyes"—things that are typically removed when cooking - although Warren argued that even boiling water when cooking potatoes dissolves only a small part of the alkaloid. . Emsley and Fell continue:
Most people can easily handle the solanine found in an average serving of potatoes without showing any symptoms of poisoning because the body can quickly break it down and eliminate the products in urine. But if solanine levels reach 40 mg per 100 g of potatoes, symptoms include diarrhea... even to whom.
The best way to prevent solanine poisoning is to store the tubers in a cool, dark place and remove the skin before eating. The general rule is how to avoid diseases like those described above? Green and sprouted? Throw it away.
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USA
Although potatoes have been grown in South America for thousands of years, the first potato patches in North America were not planted until 1719, in New Hampshire (the first French fries were served in the White House during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson some 80 years later).
In 2007, the United States harvested 19.9 million tons of potatoes, making it the world's fifth largest producer. Potatoes in the United States are grown in almost every state, although about half of the crop comes from Idaho, Washington, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Colorado, Oregon, Maine, Minnesota, California, and Michigan. Most potatoes are harvested in September and October (fall).
Only about a third of potatoes in the United States are consumed fresh. About 60 percent of annual production is processed into frozen products (such as frozen fries and wedges), chips, dehydrated potato granules and flakes and starches, while 6 percent is reused as seed potatoes.
Each American eats more than 55 kg of potatoes per year. However, fresh potato consumption has fallen from more than 22 kg per person in 1993 to just under 16 kg in 2014.
USDA Potato Reports
AMS Reports: National Weekly and Daily Potato Shipments NASS Reports: National Potato Seasonal Snapshots and Statistics in Stock .
